Glycated Hemoglobin is a Significant Predictor of Femoral, but Not of Carotid or Popliteal, Intima-Media Thickness in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Case-Series Study
Table 3
Multiple regression coefficients of IMT predictors by arterial sites analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model for repeated measurements.
Predictors
Sites
CCA
Bulb
ICA
CFA
PLA
Mean
Maximum
Mean
Maximum
Mean
Maximum
Mean
Maximum
Mean
Maximum
Segments†
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Male vs. Female
1.33
0.96
1.71
2.52
2.70
3.01
−0.02
0.47
0.10
−0.29
Age (years)
0.58
0.88
1.80
2.18
1.38
1.40
0.29
0.34
0.27
0.33
Waist (cm)
−0.01
−0.43
1.18
1.23
1.07
1.04
−0.16
−0.19
0.03
0.04
BMI (kg/m2)
−0.08
0.64
−0.95
−1.11
−0.10
0.28
0.29
0.44
−0.13
−0.10
Systolic BP (mmHg)
0.12
0.20
0.11
0.13
−0.40
−0.46
0.01
0.03
−0.00
−0.00
HbA1c, >10% vs. ≤10%
−1.03
−0.85
0.04
0.34
−0.57
−0.12
3.95
4.89
0.63
0.61
LDL-C (mmol/L)
0.32
0.28
0.25
−0.01
−0.13
−0.45
−0.00
0.01
0.00
−0.00
HDL-C (mmol/L)
−0.21
−0.61
0.02
0.12
−0.28
−0.42
0.03
0.03
0.01
−0.00
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
−0.05
−0.44
−0.35
−0.42
0.27
0.24
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
Est CCr (mL/min/1.73 m2)
0.09
−0.02
0.03
−0.11
−0.75
−0.70
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.04
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
−0.23
0.07
0.12
−0.13
0.01
0.05
−0.51
−0.75
0.03
0.16
hs_CRP (mg/dL)
−0.04
0.13
0.39
0.88
0.25
0.13
0.06
−0.06
−0.03
0.07
AGEs (unit/mL)
0.10
0.68
0.49
0.70
0.21
0.10
−0.04
−0.32
−0.15
0.06
Urine ACR (mg/g)
0.50
0.65
−0.23
−0.44
0.02
0.02
−0.00
−0.00
−0.00
−0.00
Values are presented as the original values × 100. ,,.†A “segments” variable is introduced into the mixed-effects model to account for arterial segments (bilateral CCAs, Bulbs, and ICAs for the carotid site; bilateral CFAs for the femoral site; and bilateral PLAs for the popliteal site). Interaction terms were retained in the final model if significant. ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; BP, blood pressure; Est CCr, estimated creatinine clearance rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
