Real-World Glycemic Improvements with Hybrid Closed Loop Pumps in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

Table 1

Baseline characteristics at last visit before Control IQ.

Variable	Nonminority (n = 115)	Minority (n = 21)	p-Value
Male, number (%)	56 (49%)	12 (57%)	0.48^a
Age (y), median (Q1–Q3)	13.3 (9.9–15.5)	13.3 (11.7–16.4)	0.48^b
Insurance (public), number (%)	15 (13%)	11 (52%)	0.0002^c
BMI, mean (SD)	20.6 (4.3)	22.1 (5.3)	0.25^d
BMI Z-score, mean (SD)	0.54 (0.8)	0.66 (1.0)	0.55^d
Duration of diabetes (y), median (Q1–Q3)	5 (1.7–8)	4.7 (3.1–7.7)	0.62^b
Age at diagnosis, mean (SD)	7.5 (3.9)	7.5 (3.5)	0.98^d
HbA1c % at diagnosis, median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 98, M n = 16	11.6 (9.9–12.8)	10.9 (9.4–12.5)	0.33^b
DKA at diagnosis, number (%), NM n = 107, M n = 18	54 (50%)	8 (44%)	0.64^a
HbA1c %, median (Q1–Q3)	7.8 (6.9–8.8)	9.6 (8.3–10.5)	0.0004^b
Insulin regimen
MDI use, number (%)	21 (18%)	8 (38%)	0.0774^c
Insulin pump use, number (%)	94 (82%)	13 (62%)	0.08^c
T:slim pump (%)	81 (70%)	12 (57%)	0.23^a
CGM data
CGM use, number (%), NM n = 114	110 (96%)	17 (81%)	0.0204^c
Percentage time CGM active, median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 43, M n = 6	93 (83.3–97.3)	94.9 (76.5–98.2)	0.65^b
Average CGM glucose, mean (SD), NM n = 98, M n = 10	193.1 (43.6)	200.9 (50.7)	0.59^d
CGM % TBR2, median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 71, M n = 8	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0.5)	0.46^b
CGM % TBR1 median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 82, M n = 10	1 (0–3)	1.5 (1–3)	0.18^b
CGM % time in range, median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 88, M n = 10	45 (27–65)	49.5 (25–58)	0.96^b
CGM % TAR1, median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 86, M n = 9	28 (19–37)	23 (19–31)	0.48^b
CGM % TAR2, median (Q1–Q3), NM n = 72, M n = 8	25 (9–37)	28 (14–55)	0.39^b

^aχ² test; ^bWilcoxon rank-sum test; ^cFisher’s exact test; ^dIndependent two-sample t test.