The Effect of COVID-19 on Type 1 Diabetes Occurrence among Children and Adolescents: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Cohort Study in Israel

Table 2

Characteristics of children with type 1 diabetes according to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) status at diagnosis.

Parameter category	Parameter	DKA (n = 19)	Non-DKA (n = 32)	p-value
Demographic and anthropometric parameters	Age (years)	9.7 (6.7–12.7)	11.5 (9.0–14.2)	0.2
	Female gender	9 (47%)	14 (44%)	0.8
	Weight SDS	0.16 (−0.53 ± 0.81)	−0.38 (−0.9 ± 0.31)	0.09
	Height SDS	0.38 (+0.05 ± 0.78)	1.42 (1.27 ± 1.6)	0.2
	BMI SDS	0.44 (−1.2 ± 1.07)	−0.02 (−1.96 ± 0.46)	0.2
	Puberty	8 (42%)	12 (38%)	0.2
Clinical parameters	Polyuria	19 (100%)	29 (91%)	0.18
	Polydipsia	19 (100%)	27 (84%)	0.068
	Gastrointestinal symptoms	10 (53%)	9 (28%)	0.07
	Weight loss	16 (84%)	16 (50%)	0.016
	Weakness	17 (89%)	17 (53%)	0.009
Laboratory parameters	pH	7.14 (7.09–7.21)	7.36 (7.32–7.39)	<0.001
	HCO3^− (mmol/l)	7.9 (6.6–10.0)	21 (18–24)	<0.001
	Glucose (mg/dL)	589 (445–678)	455 (318–555)	0.02
	Glucose (mmol/l)	32.7 (24.7–37.7)	25.3 (17.7–30.8)	0.02
	HbA1c (%)	11.8 (10.9–12.7)	11.8 (9.7–14.9)	0.8
	HbA1c (mmol/mol)	105 (96–115)	105 (83–139)	0.8
	C-peptide (μg/l)	0.14 (0.23–0.27)	0.27 (0.42–0.57)	0.036
	Anti-GAD titer (IU/ml)	51.6 (6.2–512)	44 (4.9–176)	0.4
	Anti-IA2 titer (IU/ml)	17 (7.4–351)	7.1 (2.8–218)	0.065
	Anti-insulin titer	0.38 (0.30–0.49)	0.37 (0.3–0.8)	0.9
	Positive anti-S antibodies	8 (42%)	23 (72%)	0.035
	Positive anti-S antibodies, adjusted to vaccination status	15/26 (58%)	8/20 (40%)	0.7
	Positive anti-N antibodies	7 (37%)	14 (44%)	0.2
	Positive neutralizing antibodies	9 (47%)	22 (69%)	0.1
	Neutralizing antibody value, unadjusted to vaccination status	96 (64–512)	256 (64–2,048)	0.8
	Neutralizing antibody value, adjusted to vaccination status	512 (64–448)	256 (128–1,024)	0.4

Categorical variables are introduced as n (%) and continuous variables as medians (Q1, Q3). Neutralizing antibodies are displayed as geometric mean.