Macronutrient Intake in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Glycemic Outcomes

Table 1

Participant demographic and clinical characteristics.

Characteristic	Total (N = 48)
Age (years)	11.7 (2.9)
Number of participants aged 6–11	21 (44%)
Number of participants aged 12–18	27 (66%)
Females	18 (38%)
Males	30 (63%)
BMI Z-score	0.51 (0.83)
Duration of diabetes (years)	4.2 (2.9)
CGM wear (>75% of time)	35 (73%)
Therapy type IPT	21 (44%)
Therapy type MDI	27 (56%)
Daily insulin dose (U/kg)	0.99 (0.36)
ICR (units:15 g)	2.14 (0.93)
% Basal insulin	38% (9)
% Bolus insulin	62% (9)
Diagnosis of coeliac disease	3 (6.3%)
HbA1c %	6.7 (1.1)
Hba1c mmol/mol	50.0 (11.7)

Note: Continuous variables summarized as mean (standard deviation); categorical variables summarized as frequency count and percentage. BMI, body mass index; IPT, insulin pump therapy; MDI, multiple daily injections; TDD, total daily dose; and ICR, insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio.