Vascular and Myocardial Structure and Function in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: The CARDEA Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the participants in the CARDEA study.
All
Girls
Boys
With type 1 diabetes
Without diabetes
p-Value
With type 1 diabetes
Without diabetes
p-Value
With type 1 diabetes
Without diabetes
p-Value
(n = 100)
(n = 97)
(n = 48)
(n = 48)
(n = 52)
(n = 49)
Age (years)
16.4 (1.3)
16.3 (1.3)
0.780
16.3 (1.4)
16.4 (1.4)
0.749
16.4 (1.5)
16.2 (1.1)
0.443
White ethnicity
62.5 (60)
75.0 (72)
0.087
63.6 (28)
78.7 (37)
0.174
61.5 (32)
71.4 (35)
0.401
Peripubertal (Tanner 1–4)
31.3 (31)
43.3 (42)
0.112
29.2 (14)
47.9 (23)
0.093
33.3 (17)
38.8 (19)
0.720
BMI z-score
0.75 (1.05)
0.17 (1.08)
<0.001
1.2 (0.9)
0.03 (0.9)
<0.001
0.4 (1.1)
0.3 (1.2)
0.834
Overweight or obesity
43.0 (43)
20.6 (20)
0.001
56.3 (27)
14.6 (7)
<0.001
30.8 (16)
26.5 (13)
0.802
Body fat percentage
26.5 (14.4–36.1)
21.3 (12.7–27.8)
0.009
36.1 (31.4–40.8)
27.7 (23.4–32.4)
<0.001
15.8 (11.7–21.2)
12.5 (9.1–19.3)
0.032
Android-to-gynoid fat ratio
0.29 (0.24–0.37)
0.27 (0.23–0.31)
0.027
0.32 (0.26–0.37)
0.24 (0.22–0.27)
<0.001
0.27 (0.22–0.35)
0.28 (0.26–0.34)
0.168
Diabetes duration (years)
6.1 (3.4–10.4)
–
–
5.2 (2.9–11.5)
–
–
6.2 (4.2–8.9)
–
–
HbA1c (%)
8.5 (1.4)
5.3 (0.2)
<0.001
8.6 (1.4)
5.2 (0.2)
<0.001
8.5 (1.4)
5.3 (0.2)
<0.001
Familial (USD)
40.2 K (21.7–63.5)
58.1 K (40.2–93.9)
<0.001
37.5 K (25.4–52.0)
55.0 K (40.2–75.0)
0.003
46.0 K (20.5–65.0)
77.2 K (39.6–94.2)
0.001
Parent(s) with university degree
52.7 (48)
80.0 (76)
<0.001
44.2 (19)
76.6 (36)
0.003
60.4 (29)
83.3 (40)
0.023
Parental history of CVD
41.1 (37)
26.4 (24)
0.052
29.3 (12)
28.9 (13)
1.000
51.0 (25)
23.9 (11)
0.012
Cigarette use in the last 12 months
18.4 (18)
15.8 (15)
0.776
19.1 (9)
12.8 (6)
0.573
17.6 (9)
18.8 (9)
1.000
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/day)
27.7 (15.3–37.8)
31.1 (24.6–48.3)
0.001
21.7 (11.7–32.1)
30.4 (24.4–41.9)
0.005
29.0 (21.0–39.7)
32.7 (24.8–52.6)
0.048
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin. Continuous variables are presented as means (standard deviation) or medians (25th–75th percentile) if not normally distributed. Categorical variables are presented as % (n). Comparisons between groups were performed using Student’s t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests for continuous variables not normally distributed. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. Results in bold indicate p-value < 0.05. Familial income is divided by the square root of the number of persons living in the home.
