Vascular and Myocardial Structure and Function in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: The CARDEA Study
Table 2
Univariable comparisons of arterial pressure, blood lipids, and early cardiovascular markers between adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes.
All
Girls
Boys
With type 1 diabetes
Without diabetes
p-Value
With type 1 diabetes
Without diabetes
p-Value
With type 1 diabetes
Without diabetes
p-Value
(n = 100)
(n = 97)
(n = 48)
(n = 48)
(n = 52)
(n = 49)
Arterial pressure
zSBP
−0.51 (0.73)
−0.73 (1.02)
0.087
−0.48 (0.66)
−0.99 (0.94)
0.003
−0.53 (0.79)
−0.47 (1.04)
0.746
zDBP
−0.79 (0.58)
−1.03 (0.55)
0.004
−0.67 (0.63)
−1.05 (0.54)
0.002
−0.90 (0.51)
−1.00 (0.56)
0.334
Lipids
HDL-c (mmol/L)
1.4 (0.2)
1.4 (0.3)
0.796
1.4 (0.2)
1.5 (0.3)
0.656
1.35 (0.2)
1.30 (0.3)
0.370
LDL-c (mmol/L)
2.6 (0.8)
2.4 (0.6)
0.024
2.9 (0.8)
2.5 (0.6)
0.012
2.4 (0.6)
2.3 (0.6)
0.012
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
0.9 (0.7–1.0)
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
0.004
0.9 (0.7–1.2)
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
0.001
0.7 (0.6–1.0)
0.8 (0.6–0.9)
0.488
Arterial stiffness
PWV (m/s)
5.3 (0.7)
5.1 (0.7)
0.073
5.3 (0.7)
5.0 (0.7)
0.165
5.3 (0.6)
5.2 (0.7)
0.298
Endothelial function
VTI (cm)
24.5 (7.8)
27.0 (9.6)
0.053
23.6 (7.1)
26.1 (9.5)
0.173
25.3 (8.4)
27.9 (9.6)
0.157
Acceleration (cm/s2)
622 (169)
690 (183)
0.008
602 (166)
676 (175)
0.043
639 (172)
704 (191)
0.081
CMR
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)
65.9 (6.1)
64.9 (5.7)
0.217
66.0 (6.5)
64.5 (5.8)
0.234
65.9 (5.8)
65.3 (5.6)
0.602
Left ventricle mass indexed to height (g/m)
64.8 (15.3)
68.5 (19.9)
0.156
57.4 (9.2)
53.4 (9.2)
0.042
71.5 (16.6)
82.7 (16.6)
0.001
Papillary muscle mass (g)
0.35 (0.14 – 0.72)
0.50 (0.18 – 0.90)
0.089
0.29 (0.12 – 0.62)
0.58 (0.16 – 1.02)
0.076
0.39 (0.15 – 0.81)
0.47 (0.21 – 0.64)
0.497
Average wall thickness (mm)
10.8 (1.9)
10.8 (2.6)
0.927
10.2 (1.9)
9.2 (1.8)
0.007
11.2 (1.8)
12.4 (2.4)
0.010
CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PWV, pulse wave velocity; VTI, velocity time integral; zDBP, diastolic blood pressure z-score; zSBP, systolic blood pressure z-score. Continuous variables are presented with means (standard deviation) or medians (25th–75th percentile) if not normally distributed. Comparisons between groups were performed using Student’s t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests for variables not normally distributed. Results in bold indicate p-value < 0.05.
