Pediatric Diabetes

Research Article

Psychosocial Outcomes with the Omnipod® 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Caregivers

Table 2

Questionnaire and subscale scores between children and their caregivers (N = 82) at baseline and after 3 months of AID use.


Questionnaire	N	Score range	Baseline	3 months of AID	Change^†	value	Cohen’s d

Children
PAID-C	75	11 to 66^‡	27.4 ± 9.8	24.2 ± 9.3	−3.2 ± 8.1	0.0010¹	0.39
PAID-C	75	11 to 66^‡	26.0 [20.0, 35.0]	23.0 [17.0, 31.0]	−3.0 [−9.0, 0.0]	0.0010¹	0.39

Caregivers of children
P-PAID-C	76	16 to 96^‡	47.1 ± 14.3	40.7 ± 10.8	−6.3 ± 12.2	<0.0001¹	0.52
P-PAID-C	76	16 to 96^‡	48.5 [37.0, 55.0]	42.5 [32.0, 48.0]	−6.0 [−14.0, −0.5]	<0.0001¹	0.52
HCS	81	1 to 4	3.34 ± 0.48	3.59 ± 0.39	0.24 ± 0.56	<0.0001²	0.43
HCS	81	1 to 4	3.33 [3.00, 3.75]	3.67 [3.44, 3.89]	0.22 [0.00, 0.67]	<0.0001²	0.43
WHO-5	81	0 to 100	67.9 ± 17.2	72.8 ± 13.4	5.0 ± 18.3	0.0331²	0.27
WHO-5	81	0 to 100	72.0 [56.0, 80.0]	76.0 [64.0, 80.0]	4.0 [−8.0, 12.0]	0.0331²	0.27
PSQI-total	61	0 to 21^‡	6.54 ± 3.91	5.77 ± 2.75	−0.77 ± 3.73	0.1123¹	0.21
PSQI-total	61	0 to 21^‡	6.00 [3.00, 9.00]	6.00 [3.00, 8.00]	0.00 [−3.00, 1.00]	0.1123¹	0.21
Duration of sleep	81	0 to 3^‡	0.63 ± 0.93	0.35 ± 0.74	−0.28 ± 1.00	0.0099²	0.28
Sleep disturbance	74	0 to 3^‡	1.26 ± 0.50	1.08 ± 0.46	−0.18 ± 0.58	0.0091²	0.30
Overall sleep quality	82	0 to 3^‡	1.12 ± 0.84	0.70 ± 0.66	−0.43 ± 0.83	<0.0001²	0.51
IDSS-Overall	82	1 to 5	3.79 ± 0.56	4.13 ± 0.60	0.34 ± 0.66	<0.0001¹	0.53
IDSS-Overall	82	1 to 5	3.82 [3.43, 4.14]	4.25 [3.79, 4.57]	0.36 [−0.14, 0.71]	<0.0001¹	0.53
Effective	82	1 to 5	4.10 ± 0.55	4.38 ± 0.65	0.27 ± 0.74	<0.0001²	0.37
Burdensome	82	1 to 5^‡	2.30 ± 0.70	1.96 ± 0.70	−0.34 ± 0.80	0.0002¹	0.43
Inconvenient	82	1 to 5^‡	2.50 ± 0.81	2.06 ± 0.79	−0.44 ± 0.91	<0.0001¹	0.48
SUS	78	0 to 100	77.5 ± 16.8	89.0 ± 12.1	11.5 ± 19.1	<0.0001²	0.60
SUS	78	0 to 100	77.5 [70.0, 90.0]	95.0 [82.5, 97.5]	10.0 [0.0, 22.5]	<0.0001²	0.60

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Unless otherwise indicated, remaining values are median [IQR]. IQR denotes interquartile range. ^†Change is calculated as follow-up after 3 months of AID minus baseline score. ^‡Lower value indicates optimal score. ¹Unadjusted two-sided value for paired t-test. ²Unadjusted two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test. Bolded values represent p values that were statistically significant.