Psychosocial Outcomes with the Omnipod® 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Caregivers

Table 3

Questionnaire and subscale scores between adolescents and their caregivers (N = 42) at baseline and after 3 months of AID use.

Questionnaire	N	Score range	Baseline	3 months of AID	Change^†	value	Cohen’s d
Adolescents
PAID-T	38	14 to 84^‡	30.5 ± 11.4	27.1 ± 10.8	−3.4 ± 10.2	0.0451^1	0.34
			28.5 [21.0, 38.0]	25.5 [19.0, 32.0]	−2.0 [−10.0, 3.0]
HCS	42	1 to 4	3.41 ± 0.42	3.54 ± 0.42	0.13 ± 0.42	0.0525^1	0.31
			3.35 [3.00, 3.86]	3.63 [3.25, 3.88]	0.09 [−0.13, 0.38]
WHO-5	40	0 to 100	71.0 ± 14.7	74.2 ± 16.5	3.2 ± 11.9	0.0595^2	0.27
			72.0 [64.0, 78.0]	76.0 [66.0, 84.0]	4.0 [0.0, 8.0]
PSQI-total	25	0 to 21^‡	5.08 ± 2.48	4.36 ± 2.55	−0.72 ± 2.56	0.1721^1	0.28
			5.00 [4.00, 6.00]	4.00 [2.00, 6.00]	0.00 [−2.00, 1.00]
SUS	40	0 to 100	79.4 ± 16.2	86.3 ± 20.1	6.9 ± 23.7	0.0015^2	0.29
			80.0 [70.0, 93.8]	95.0 [81.3, 98.8]	5.0 [0.0, 20.0]
Caregivers of adolescents
P-PAID-T	35	15 to 90^‡	45.0 ± 14.2	38.0 ± 13.8	−7.0 ± 11.9	0.0014^1	0.59
			45.0 [34.0, 56.0]	38.0 [28.0, 48.0]	−7.0 [−14.0, 3.0]
HCS	42	1 to 4	3.31 ± 0.46	3.43 ± 0.41	0.12 ± 0.55	0.1761^1	0.21
			3.25 [3.00, 3.67]	3.47 [3.11, 3.78]	0.05 [−0.11, 0.45]
WHO-5	41	0 to 100	65.2 ± 12.3	67.8 ± 13.9	2.6 ± 16.6	0.3158^1	0.16
			64.0 [56.0, 76.0]	68.0 [60.0, 80.0]	4.0 [−4.0, 16.0]
PSQI-total	35	0 to 21^‡	6.00 ± 2.61	5.31 ± 2.69	−0.69 ± 2.71	0.1848^2	0.25
			6.00 [4.00, 8.00]	4.00 [3.00, 7.00]	0.00 [−2.00, 1.00]
IDSS-overall	42	1 to 5	3.82 ± 0.65	4.12 ± 0.46	0.30 ± 0.75	0.0142^1	0.40
			3.86 [3.50, 4.21]	4.18 [3.71, 4.50]	0.32 [−0.21, 0.64]
Effective	41	1 to 5	4.09 ± 0.61	4.36 ± 0.65	0.27 ± 0.89	0.0583^1	0.30
Burdensome	41	1 to 5^‡	2.21 ± 0.74	1.94 ± 0.47	−0.27 ± 0.76	0.0241^2	0.36
Inconvenient	42	1 to 5^‡	2.49 ± 0.86	2.15 ± 0.64	−0.34 ± 1.02	0.0358^1	0.34

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Unless otherwise indicated, remaining values are median [IQR]. IQR denotes interquartile range. ^†Change is calculated as follow-up after 3 months of AID minus baseline score. ^‡Lower value indicates optimal score. ¹Unadjusted two-sided value for paired t-test. ²Unadjusted two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test.