The Frequency of Undiagnosed Celiac Disease in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Diabetic Retinopathy: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Table 1
Descriptive and clinical characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes by celiac disease status.
Variables
Comparison group: type 1 diabetes onlya
Reported CDb
value for bvsa
Seropositive for CDc
value for cvsa
Potentially undiagnosed CDd
value for dvsa
N (%)
2175 (89.0)
168 (6.9)
101 (4.1)
23 (1.0)
Age at follow-up, mean (SD)
17.5 (4.5)
16.0 (4.3)
<0.01
15.7 (4.6)
<0.01
15.7 (4.0)
0.06
Age at diabetes diagnosis, mean (SD)
9.8 (4.3)
8.3 (4.0)
<0.01
8.2 (4.4)
<0.01
8.3 (3.9)
0.10
Diabetes duration in months, mean (SD)
101.9 (24.5)
101.6 (23.1)
0.89
99.0 (24.5)
0.25
96.3 (23.5)
0.28
Female sex, n (%)
1061 (48.8)
103 (61.3)
<0.01
53 (52.5)
0.02
15 (65.2)
0.12
Race/ethnicity, n (%)
Black
251 (11.5)
4 (2.4)
5 (5.0)
0 (0)
0.14
Hispanic
310 (14.3)
23 (13.7)
<0.01
11 (10.9)
0.12
2 (8.7)
Non-Hispanic White
1486 (68.3)
137 (81.6)
79 (78.2)
21 (9.3)
Other
128 (5.9)
4 (2.4)
6 (5.9)
0 (0)
Parental education, n (%)
<High school graduate
96 (4.5)
2 (1.2)
3 (3.0)
0 (0)
0.86
High school graduate
348 (16.2)
20 (12.2)
0.04
16 (16.2)
0.90
3 (13.0)
Some college
690 (32.1)
49 (29.9)
31 (31.3)
7 (30.4)
Bachelor’s degree or more
1013 (47.2)
93 (56.7)
49 (49.5)
13 (56.5)
Insurance status—n (%)
Private
1497 (69.5)
124 (74.7)
71 (70.3)
16 (69.6)
0.19
Medicaid/medicare
470 (21.8)
29 (17.5)
0.28
17 (16.8)
0.27
3 (13.0)
Other
108 (5.0)
10 (6.0)
9 (8.9)
3 (13.0)
None
79 (3.7)
3 (1.8)
4 (4.0)
1 (4.4)
BMI z-score, mean (SD)
0.62 (0.96)
0.44 (0.90)
0.02
0.52 (0.91)
0.29
0.24 (1.01)
0.06
SBP z-score, mean (SD)
−0.66 (0.98)
−0.84 (1.01)
0.02
−0.68 (1.01)
0.83
−0.68 (0.86)
0.92
DBP z-score, mean (SD)
0.24 (0.88)
0.14 (0.83)
0.18
0.12 (0.89)
0.18
0.19 (0.77)
0.80
HbA1c % at follow-up, mean (SD)
9.2 (1.9)
8.9 (1.9)
0.09
9.1 (1.8)
0.64
8.1 (1.9)
0.14
HbA1c mmol/mol at follow-up, mean (SD)
77 (7)
74 (7)
0.09
76 (7)
0.64
65 (7)
0.14
HDL-C mg/dL, mean (SD)
55.7 (14.1)
56.1 (12.1)
0.77
52.4 (11.4)
<0.01
48.2 (11.9)
0.01
LDL-C mg/dL, mean (SD)
97.4 (29.1)
94.6 (28.6)
0.23
93.5 (23.3)
0.19
97.9 (89.9)
0.94
Triglycerides mg/dL, mean (SD)
94.1 (77.7)
85.2 (52.8)
0.05
84.1 (60.3)
0.12
87.6 (55.1)
0.69
SD = standard deviation; CD = celiac disease. aComparison group: participants with type 1 diabetes and no evidence of CD (negative questionnaire response and seronegative tTGA <0.05). bReported CD: participants with type 1 diabetes and reported CD (positive questionnaire response, regardless of tTGA level). cSeropositve for CD: participants with type 1 diabetes and no reported CD (negative questionnaire response) and seropositive tTGA (tTGA ≥0.05). dPotentially undiagnosed CD: participants with type 1 diabetes and no reported CD (negative questionnaire response) and seropositive tTGA ≥10x ULN (tTGA ≥0.50) are a subset of cseropositive for CD.
