The Frequency of Undiagnosed Celiac Disease in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Diabetic Retinopathy: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

Table 2

Cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-associated complications in type 1 diabetes by celiac disease status.

Outcomes	Comparison group	Reported CD^c	Potentially undiagnosed CD^d	Reported CD^c	Potentially undiagnosed CD^d
	Type 1 diabetes only^b
		Unadjusted—β (95% CI)		Adjusted^a—aβ (95% CI)
n	1531	121	23	121	23
SBP z-score	Referent	−0.23 (-0.41, −0.05)	0.04 (−0.43, 0.51)	−0.14 (−0.31, 0.03)	−0.05 (−0.49, 0.38)
DBP z-score	Referent	−0.04 (−0.20, 0.12)	−0.01 (−0.43, 0.40)	−0.03 (−0.20, 0.13)	0.04 (−0.37, 0.45)
HDL-C (mg/dL)	Referent	0.70 (−1.87, 3.27)	−6.00 (−12.67, 0.67)	0.54 (−2.02, 3.11)	−6.47 (−13.07, 0.14)
LDL-C (mg/dL)	Referent	−2.09 (−7.51, 3.34)	3.29 (−10.63, 17.20)	−1.14 (−6.61, 4.33)	4.42 (−9.49, 18.34)
Triglycerides (log) (mg/dL)	Referent	−0.05 (−0.15, 0.05)	−0.05 (−0.31, 0.21)	−0.03 (−0.13, 0.07)	−0.01 (−0.27, 0.24)
HbA1c (%)	Referent	−0.29 (−0.65, 0.06)	−0.76 (−1.66, 0.15)	−0.17 (−0.51, 0.17)	−0.67 (−1.54, 0.21)
PWVf (m/s)	Referent	−0.19 (-0.40, −0.03)	−0.51 (−1.07, 0.05)	0.01 (−0.19, 0.20)	−0.24 (−0.75, 0.26)
		Unadjusted—RR (95% CI)		Adjusted^a—aRR (95% CI)
Retinopathy	Referent	0.79 (0.53, 1.18)	1.85 (1.04, 3.30)	1.00 (0.67, 1.52)	2.69 (1.66, 4.36)
Peripheral neuropathy	Referent	1.51 (0.85, 2.66)	Not estimable	1.69 (0.98, 2.92)	Not estimable
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction	Referent	0.97 (0.57, 1.65)	0.52 (0.08, 3.50)	1.06 (0.61, 1.82)	0.62 (0.10, 4.05)
Diabetic kidney disease^e	Referent	1.11 (0.52, 2.33)	1.02 (0.15, 6.86)	1.30 (0.61, 2.75)	1.27 (0.19, 8.73)

CD = celiac disease; PWVf = pulse wave velocity carotid-femoral; CI = confidence interval. ^aSBP and DBP were adjusted for clinic site; lipid measurements (LDL-C, triglycerides and HDL-C) adjusted for race and ethnicity, age at follow-up and clinic sites; all other cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-associated complications adjusted for age at diabetes diagnosis, age at follow-up, race and ethnicity, and clinic sites. ^bType 1 diabetes only: participants with type 1 diabetes and no evidence of CD (negative questionnaire response and seronegative tTGA <0.05). ^cReported CD: participants with type 1 diabetes and reported CD (positive questionnaire response, regardless of tTGA level). ^dPotentially undiagnosed CD: participants with type 1 diabetes and no reported CD (negative questionnaire response) and seropositive tTGA ≥10x ULN (tTGA ≥0.50). ^eAnalysis for diabetic kidney disease was performed on a subset of the SEARCH population who had urine samples available n = 1553.