The Frequency of Undiagnosed Celiac Disease in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Diabetic Retinopathy: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

Table 3

tTGA levels and cardiovascular risk factors in type 1 diabetes.

Outcomes	Comparison group	Unadjusted—β (95% CI)			Adjusted^a—aβ (95% CI)
	Type 1 diabetes only^b	Any participant with high tTGA (≥0.50) elevation^c	Any participant with intermediate (≥0.05 and <0.50) tTGA elevation^d	Participants with reported CD and controlled tTGA <0.05^e	Any participant with high tTGA (≥0.50) elevation^c	Any participant with intermediate (≥0.05 and <0.50) tTGA elevation^d	Participants with reported CD and controlled tTGA <0.05^e
n	1531	47	96	46	47	96	46
SBP z-score	Referent	−0.10 (−0.39, 0.18)	−0.22 (−0.43. −0.02)	−0.13 (−0.41, 0.16)	−0.09 (−0.37, 0.17)	−0.12 (−0.31, 0.07)	−0.05 (−0.31, 0.22)
DBP z-score	Referent	0.02 (−0.24, 0.28)	−0.05 (−0.23, 0.13)	−0.07 (−0.32, 0.18)	0.01 (−0.24, 0.27)	−0.04 (−0.22, 0.15)	−0.05 (−0.30, 0.20)
LDL-C (mg/dL)^f	Referent	2.75 (−5.79, 11.28)	−3.07 (−9.10, 2.97)	−5.74 (−14.21, 2.72)	3.39 (−5.15, 11.93)	−2.16 (−8.23, 3.91)	−4.80 (−13.29, 3.69)
TG (log) (mg/dL)	Referent	0.04 (−0.11, 0.20)	−0.07 (−0.19, 0.04)	−0.13 (−0.28, 0.03)	0.06 (−0.09, 0.22)	−0.06 (−0.17, 0.05)	−0.11 (−0.27, 0.05)
HDL-C (mg/dL)	Referent	−3.47 (−7.58, 0.63)	−0.82 (−3.69, 2.04)	2.45 (−1.58, 6.47)	−3.77 (−7.82, 0.29)	−0.99 (−3.85, 1.87)	1.99 (−2.01, 5.99)
HbA1c (%)	Referent	0.17 (−0.39, 0.73)	−0.02 (−0.41, 0.37)	−0.61 (-1.16, −0.06)	0.25 (−0.30, 0.79)	0.10 (−0.28, 0.49)	−0.55 (-1.09, −0.02)

CD = celiac disease; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; TG = triglycerides; CI = confidence interval. ^aSBP and DBP were adjusted for clinic site; lipid measurements (LDL-C, triglycerides and HDL-C) adjusted for race and ethnicity, age at follow-up and clinic site; all other cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-associated complications adjusted for age at diabetes diagnosis, age at follow-up, race and ethnicity, and clinic site. ^bParticipants with type 1 diabetes and no evidence of CD (negative questionnaire response and seronegative tTGA <0.05). ^cParticipants with type 1 diabetes and elevated tTGA 10x ULN (≥0.50) regardless of CD questionnaire response, “high tTGA elevation.” ^dParticipants with type 1 diabetes and elevated tTGA (≥0.05 and <0.50) regardless of CD questionnaire response, “intermediate tTGA elevation.” ^eParticipants with type 1 diabetes and reported CD (positive questionnaire response) and normal tTGA (<0.05), “Controlled CD.” ^fMissing n = 58.