Extremely Early Appearance of Islet Autoantibodies in Genetically Susceptible Children
Table 1
Characteristics of 53 children with islet autoantibody positivity at or before the age of 0.50 years.
Case
First IAb† (transient or confirmed)
Confirmed IAb
Age at latest visit or at diagnosis‡
Follow-up status
FDR present§
HLA Haplotype 1
HLA Haplotype 2
Cases progressing to T1D¶
1
IAA, GADA, ICA
IAA, GADA, ICA
1.1
Completed
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
2
IAA, GADA
IAA, GADA, ZnT8A, ICA
1.6
Completed
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10604
3
IAA
IAA, GADA, ICA
2.4
Completed
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
4
IAA
IAA, ICA
1.0
Completed
Sibling
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
5
IAA
IAA, GADA
1.0
Completed
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
6
ZnT8A
IAA, GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A, ICA
7.7
Completed
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
7
ZnT8A
IAA, GADA, ICA
4.5
Completed
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
8
ZnT8A
IAA, GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A, ICA
16.1
Completed
Sibling
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
Cases with confirmed positivity during follow-up
9
IAA
IAA, ICA
15.0
Completed
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
10
IAA
GADA, ICA
20.2
Completed
Father
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10603
11
IAA
GADA
10.2
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
12
IAA
IAA
6.9
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
(DR9)–DQA103–DQB10303
13
IAA
IAA, GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A
9.3
In follow-up
No
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
14
IAA
IAA
3.6
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
15
IAA
GADA
9.0
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
16
IAA
ICA
6.5
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR9)–DQA103–DQB10303
17
IAA
IAA
6.0
In follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
18
IAA
IAA
9.2
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
19
IAA
ICA
8.0
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
20
GADA, ICA
GADA, ICA
14.9
Completed
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10603
21
GADA
GADA
1.6
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR13)–DQB10604
DRB10403–DQA103–DQB10302
22
GADA
GADA, ICA
9.0
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
23
GADA
GADA
3.1
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
(DR9)–DQA103–DQB10303
24
ICA
ICA
15.2
Completed
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
25
ICA
ICA
8.2
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10603
26
ICA
ICA
15.4
Completed
Mother
(DR15)–DQB10602
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
27
ICA
IAA, ICA
1.1
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR7)–DQA10201–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
28
ICA
IAA, ICA
3.1
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
29
ICA
ICA
4.0
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
30
ICA
ICA
15.0
Completed
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR9)–DQA103–DQB10303
31
ICA
ICA
5.0
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
Cases with transient positivity only
32
IAA
15.0
Completed
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR9)–DQA103–DQB10303
33
IAA
7.1
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10603
34
IAA
15.7
Completed
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
35
IAA
6.8
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
36
IAA
2.0
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
37
IAA
6.2
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
38
IAA
3.9
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
39
IAA
8.9
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
40
GADA, ICA
7.3
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
41
GADA
9.0
In follow-up
Mother
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
42
GADA
3.9
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
43
GADA
10.4
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
(DR8)–DQB104
44
GADA
6.5
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
45
GADA
15.0
Completed
No
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR1/10)–DQB10501
46
GADA
13.1
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
(DR14)–DQB10503
47
GADA
5.9
Lost to follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10604
48
ZnT8A
9.5
Lost to follow-up
No
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
49
IA-2A
11.1
Lost to follow-up
Sibling
(DR7)–DQA10201–DQB102
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
50
IA-2A
5.9
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR8)–DQB104
51
IA-2A
9.1
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
DRB10404–DQA103–DQB10302
52
ICA
9.0
In follow-up
No
(DR7)–DQA10201–DQB102
(DR3)–DQA105–DQB102
53
ICA
12.1
In follow-up
No
DRB10401–DQA103–DQB10302
(DR13)–DQB10603
Note: The children are presented in three groups, first those who were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during the follow-up, second those who had confirmed positivity for some islet autoantibody/-ies during the follow-up, and third those who were only transiently positive for any islet autoantibody during the follow-up. Each group is organized according to the first appearing islet autoantibody. The ages are given in years. †Islet autoantibody. ‡Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. §First-degree relative with type 1 diabetes present. ¶Type 1 diabetes.
