Extremely Early Appearance of Islet Autoantibodies in Genetically Susceptible Children
Table 3
Comparison between children who developed islet autoantibodies either at the age of 0.51–0.75 years or by the age of 0.50 years.
Islet autoantibodies at age 0.51–0.75 years
Islet autoantibodies at age ≤0.50 years
p-Value
N = 115
N = 53
Girls, N (%)
37 (32.2%)
25 (47.2%)
0.09
FDR§ with T1D†, N (%)
12 (10.4%)
6 (11.3%)
1.00
HLA DR3/DR4, N (%)
27 (26.2%)
11 (20.8%)
0.56
HLA DR4 without DR3, N (%)
63 (61.2%)
35 (66.0%)
0.60
HLA DR3 without DR4, N (%)
13 (12.6%)
6 (11.3%)
1.00
Maternal age at birth‡ (mean, in years)
30.4
31.8
0.13
Only transient islet autoantibodies, N (%)
21 (18.3%)
22 (41.5%)
0.002
Confirmed islet autoantibodies, N (%)
94 (81.7%)
31 (58.5%)
0.002
≥2 confirmed islet autoantibodies, N (%)
49 (42.6%)
15 (28.3%)
0.09
IAA only first, N (%)
47 (40.9%)
22 (41.5%)
1.00
GADA only first, N (%)
20 (17.4%)
10 (18.9%)
0.83
IA-2A only first, N (%)
3 (2.6%)
3 (5.7%)
0.38
Multiple islet autoantibodies first, N (%)
8 (7.0%)
4 (7.5%)
1.0
Completed follow-up, N (%)
42 (36.5%)
17 (32.1%)
0.61
T1D†, N (%)
26 (22.6%)
8 (15.1%)
0.31
Age at diagnosis (median, in years)
2.68
2.00
0.63
Note: Chi-square or Fisher´s exact tests were used to compare difference in frequencies. Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare the median ages and independent samples T-test to compare the mean age. Complete HLA was unavailable for 12 subjects. Follow-up was completed if participant had been diagnosed with T1D or participated the follow-up until the age of 14.50 years. §First-degree relative. †Type 1 diabetes. ‡Not available for TEDDY participants.
