Prevalence and Patterns of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Indian Heart Failure Population

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population ().

		SDB present, (%)	No SDB, (%)	value ()
Gender	Male sex	57 (67.9%)	6 (31.6%)	0.015
HF type	HFREF	46 (54.8%)	11 (57.9%)	0.797
	HFPEF	38 (45.2%)	8 (42.1%)
NYHA	II	48 (57.1%)	11 (57.9%)	0.498
	III	28 (33.3%)	5 (26.3%)
	IV	7 (8.3%)	2 (10.5%)
Etiology	Ischemic type	63 (75.0%)	11 (57.9%)	0.265
Drugs	BB	27 (32.1%)	3 (15.8%)	0.261
	ACEI/ARB	14 (16.7%)	3 (15.8%)	1.00
	Diuretics	51 (60.0%)	12 (63.1%)	0.791
	MRA	21 (25.0%)	3 (15.8%)	0.555
	ARNI	8 (9.5%)	2 (10.5%)	0.699
Comorbidities	T2DM	52 (61.9%)	9 (47.4%)	0.268
	HTN	46 (54.8%)	7 (36.8%)	0.303
	Dyslipidemia	30 (35.7%)	3 (15.8%)	0.166
	Hypothyroidism	10 (11.9%)	2 (10.5%)	1.00
	CKD	8 (9.5%)	1 (5.3%)	0.699
	AF	7 (8.3%)	4 (21.1%)	0.098
Symptoms	Snoring	27 (32.1%)	11 (57.9%)	0.06
	SOB during sleep	24 (28.6%)	7 (36.8%)	0.265
	Daytime Sleepiness	28 (33.3%)	7 (36.8%)	0.785
ESS	<10	36 (42.9%)	4 (22.1%)	0.182
	≥10	48 (57.1%)	15 (78.9%)
STOP BANG risk	Low risk	27 (32.1%)	6 (31.6%)	0.184
	Intermediate risk	45 (53.6%)	12 (63.2%)
	High risk	13 (15.5%)	0 (0%)
Berlin Q	High risk	33 (39.3%)	10 (52.6%)	0.293
	Low risk	52 (61.9%)	8 (42.1%)

SDB: sleep-disordered breathing; HFREF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; BB: beta blockers; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; SOB: shortness of breath; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Q: questionnaire.