Author-year Country Design/study period Mean follow-up in Sample size Treatment Latency period (years) Adjusted for Parimon et al. 2007 [30 ] USA Cohort 3.84 (2.08-4.29) t c 517t c Triamcinolone, beclomethasone, flunisolide, fluticasone 1 Age, smoking status, smoking intensity, history of non-lung-cancer malignancy, coexisting illness, bronchodilator use Raymekers et al. 2009 [43 ] Canada Cohort 28314t c ICS 1 Age, sex, neighborhood income quartile, regional health service, prescriptions filled, hospitals encountered, inpatient hospital stays, physician encounters, comorbidity Suissa et al. 2019 [44 ] Canada Cohort 4.9 58177 Triamcinolone, beclomethasone, flunisolide, fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, ciclesonide 1 Age, sex, COPD hospitalizations and exacerbations in the prior year, comorbidity including CVD, DM, renal diseases, other cancers, dementia, rheumatic diseases Lee et al. 2013 [45 ] Korea Case-control 3 68.7t c 9177t c Triamcinolone, beclomethasone, flunisolide, fluticasone, budesonide, ciclesonide NR Other medications, overall comorbidity, cumulative dose Lee et al. 2018 [46 ] Korea Case-control 68 265t c Triamcinolone, beclomethasone, flunisolide, fluticasone, budesonide, ciclesonide 1 Smoking intensity, BMI, comorbidity, household income Kiri et al. 2008 [47 ] UK Case-control NR t c 124t c ICSE C NR Use of other respiratory medications, comorbidity including asthma, duration of smoking, time from smoking cessation Liu et al. 2007 [48 ] Taiwan Cohort 10.2 1290t c Fluticasone, budesonide NR Age, income, comorbidity Pauwels et al. 1999 [49 ] 9 European countries RCT NR t c 634t c Budesonide NR Unreported confounders Sorli et al. 2018 [50 ] Norway Cohort NR 61t c 1095t c Beclomethasone, fluticasone, budesonide 6 Sex, smoking pack-years Sandelin et al. 2018 [51 ] Sweden Cohort NR t c 594t c ICS NR Age at COPD diagnosis, gender, asthma, educational level, marital status, income prior to index, medication, comorbidities Wu et al. 2016 [52 ] Taiwan Cohort NR 65.0t c 8812t c Beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, and ciclesonide NR Sex, age, medications, comorbidities, inpatient and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, and urbanization Lin et al. 2019 [53 ] Taiwan Cohort NR 2,682tc ICS NR Gender, age, work occupation, and comorbidities Husebo et al. 2019 [54 ] Norway Cohort NR 63.5t c 64tc ICS 9 Age, sex, smoking status, pack-years smoked, and body composition
