Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Subgroup analysis of the pooled HR of ICS use in COPD patients and the risk of lung cancer.

Subgroup	Number of studies	HR (95% CI)	( value)	( value)
Total	14	0.69 (0.59-0.79)	13.56 (<0.001)	62.1% (0.001)
Design
Cohort	10	0.68 (0.54-0.82)	9.31 (<0.001)	70.2 (0.<001)
Case control	3	0.74 (0.61-0.86)	11.36 (<0.001)	32.6% (0.23)
RCT	1	0.71 (-0.08-1.50)	1.76 (0.078)	- -
Continent
Europe	4	0.55 (0.41-0.69)	7.67 (<0.001)	2.2% (0.39)
America	5	0.77 (0.55-0.99)	6.97 (<0.001)	77.5% (<0.001)
Asia	5	0.72 (0.59-0.86)	10.70 (<0.001)	44.5% (0.13)
Smoking
Adjusted	6	0.64 (0.45-0.84)	6.38 (<0.001)	44.4% (0.11)
Not adjusted	8	0.72 (0.60-0.84)	11.76 (<0.001)	69.3% (<0.001)
Latency period
Yes	6	0.78 (0.63-0.94)	10.12 (<0.001)	64.6% (0.01)
No	8	0.61 (0.47-0.76)	8.25 (<0.001)	57.96% (0.02)