Downregulation of the Proinflammatory State of Circulating Mononuclear Cells by Short-Term Treatment with Pioglitazone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease

Table 2

Clinical and biochemical observation parameters at baseline and after 4 weeks in both treatment arms.

	Pioglitazone		Placebo
	Baseline	Endpoint	Baseline	Endpoint
HbA1c [%]	7.0±1.1	6.8±0.9	6.7±0.6	6.6±0.7
BMI [kg/m²]	31.0±4.3	31.4±4.5^∗	30.5±4.1	30.4±4.2
Systolic blood pressure [mmHg]	144±15	137±18^∗	141±19	139±20
Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg]	83±11	80±11	78±11	79±9
Waist/hip ratio	1.00±0.05	1.00±0.07	1.00±0.06	1.00±0.06
Glucose [mg/dL]	142±40	122±35^∗∗∗	128±23	131±29
Insulin [𝜇U/mL]	17±10	12±7^∗∗∗	18±10	18±11+
HOMAIR	5.9±4.4	3.9±2.6^∗∗∗	6.0±3.5	6.4±4.5+
Adiponectin [mg/dL]	8.7±3.5	22.1±9.1^∗∗∗	8.3±4.7	8.2±4.2^+++
Intact proinsulin [pmol/L]	30±37	19±17^∗	24±19	24±20
hsCRP [mg/L]	2.9±1.7	1.9±1.7^∗∗	3.2±2.6	3.2±2.6^+
MMP-9 [𝜇g/L]	344±118	284±101^∗∗	388±147	391±121^+++
MCP-1 [𝜇g/L]	454±130	406±106^∗	446±129	468±127^+
Total cholesterol [mmol/L]	4.63±0.99	4.78±1.09	4.60±1.10	4.61±1.00
LDL cholesterol [mmol/L]	2.46±0.80	2.52±0.76	2.21±0.93	2.21±0.90
HDL cholesterol [mmol/L]	1.18±0.24	1.26±0.26^∗∗	1.12±0.21	1.13±0.19^+
Triglycerides [mmol/L]	1.84±1.14	1.72±0.99	2.41±2.22	2.53±1.73^+
sICAM [μg/L]	326±90	319±86	304±56	310±60
sVCAM [μg/L]	915±409	943±452	797±193	807±220
sCD40L [μg/L]	1.6±1.8	1.1±1.1	1.4±1.2	1.0±0.9
P-selectin [μg/L]	95±20	93±22	96±26	98±26
IL-6 [ng/L]	3.3±0.5	3.2±0.1	3.3±0.3	3.3±0.4
Angiotensin II [μg/L]	10.2±9.2	8.0±8.8^∗	9.2±8.2	10.1±10.1
Complement factor C3 [g/L]	1.6±0.4	1.5±0.3	1.6±0.4	1.7±0.5
MIF [μg/L]	10.4±5.3	9.6±3.5	10.1±4.1	10.3±4.3

Within-group comparison: *: 𝑃<0.05; **: 𝑃<0.01; ***: 𝑃<0.001 versus baseline.
Between groups for changes from baseline: ⁺: 𝑃<0.05; ⁺⁺: 𝑃<0.01; ⁺⁺⁺: 𝑃<0.001.