|
| Bioactive (nutraceutic) | Effect on PPAR-γ | Ref. |
|
| Retinaldehyde | Inhibit PPAR-γ activity in adipocyte cell cultures and mouse models | [45] |
| -apo-149-carotenal | Inhibit PPAR-γ activity and adipogenesis in adipocyte cell culture | [46] |
| - and γ-tocopherol | Activate PPAR-γ expression in colon cancer cells | [47, 48] |
| Retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 | Inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by repressing the upregulated protein expression of PPAR-γ2 | [49] |
| N3 fatty acids from fish oil | Increases adiponectin level and upregulates PPAR-γ | [50, 51] |
| Linoleic acid | Agonist for PPAR-γ
Activation of PPAR-α and -γ | [52]
[53] |
| Quercetin | Inhibited activation of all three isoforms of PPAR | [54] |
| Banana lectin and garlic lectin | Exert an adipogenic effect on mesenchymal cells and upregulate PPAR-γ2 expression | [55] |
| 1,2-vinyldithiin (1,2-DT) (from garlic) | Inhibits differentiation and inflammation of human preadipocyte in vitro by a reduction in expression of PPAR-γ2 | [56] |
| Curcumin | Activates PPAR-γ in colon cancer cell line | [57] |
| Resveratrol | Downregulates PPAR-γ 1–3 mRNA expression in human visceral adipocytes | [58] |
| Lanostane triterpenes | Suppress PPAR-γ expression in 3T3-L1 cells | [59] |
| Fructooligosaccharides and mannooligosaccharides | Induced PPAR-γ in Caco-2 cells | [60] |
| Neolignans | PPAR-γ agonists | [61] |
| S. boulardii | Upregulated PPAR-γ expression in human colonocytes and in HT-29 colonic epithelial cells | [62] |
| Inhibited TNF-α-mediated regulation of PPAR-γ | [63] |
|
