PPARs: Protectors or Opponents of Myocardial Function?

Table 2

PPAR mouse animal models.

Target	Model	Cardiac metabolism	Cardiac function	Reference
PPARα	PPARα^−/−	Defective lipid and glucose homeostasis		[116]
		Defective lipid homeostatic response to fasting		[106]
		Decreased FAO, abnormal mitochondria	Fibrosis, progressed during aging	[117]
		Decreased FAO, increased glucose oxidation and glycolysis	Normal cardiac function	[118]
		Substrate switch from fatty acid to glucose, inefficient ATP generation	Normal cardiac function	[120]
			Systolic ventricular dysfunction, fibrosis	[121]
			Increased oxidative stress, LV dysfunction	[122, 123]
		Decreased FAO, increased glucose oxidation	Normal cardiac function	[119]
	αMHC-PPARα	Increased FAO, decreased glucose oxidation and uptake	Ventricular hypertrophy, systolic ventricular dysfunction	[107]
PPARδ	PPARδ^−/−		Impaired development	[134]
			Embryonic lethality	[133]
	αMHC-PPARδ^−/−	Decreased FAO and increased glucose oxidation, lipid accumulation	Cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and reduced survival	[115]
		Decreased FAO and normal glucose oxidation	Hypertrophy, mitochondrial abnormalities, and cardiac dysfunction	[137]
	Inducible αMHC-PPARδ^−/−	Decreased FAO and glucose oxidation, mitochondrial abnormalities	Cardiac dysfunction, oxidative damage, and hypertrophy	[135]
	αMHC-PPARδ	Normal FAO, increased glucose oxidation	Normal cardiac function	[136]
	Inducible αMHC-PPARδ	Increased FAO and glucose oxidation, increased mtDNA	Enhanced cardiac contractility	[137]
PPARγ	PPARγ^−/−		Embryonic lethality	[126]
	αMHC-PPARγ^−/−		Hypertrophy, preserved systolic function	[127]
			Hypertrophy, mitochondrial oxidative damage, and dilated cardiomyopathy	[131]
		No changes in cardiac metabolism at baseline		[129]
	Inducible αMHC-PPARγ^−/−	Decreased FAO, normal glucose oxidation	Decreased cardiac contractility, modest hypertrophy	[132]
	MLC2v-PPARγ^−/−		Hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration	[128]
	αMHC-PPARγ1	Increased TG uptake, increased lipid and glycogen stores, and abnormal mitochondria	Dilated cardiomyopathy	[113]
	MLC2v-PPARγ		Increased cardiomyocyte length	[130]