Effect of Pesticides on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Association with Obesity and Diabetes

Table 1

In silico studies of pesticides and their interaction with PPARs.

PPAR (subtype)	Pesticide	Chemical clasification	Type of pesticide	Analysis	Structure	Item	Software	Year	References
PPAR γ	Bromuconazole	Triazole	Fungicide	Docking with the raptors		Bind to receptor and act as antagonist	AutoDock Vina	2021	Wu et al. [18]
	Chlorfluazuron	Benzoylurea	Insecticide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Discovery Studio 2.5/LigandFit module	2018	Ning et al. [20]
	Diflubenzuron	Benzoylurea	Insecticide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Discovery Studio 2.5/LigandFit module	2018	Ning et al. [20]
	Flucycloxuron	Benzoylurea	Insecticide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Discovery Studio 2.5/LigandFit module	2018	Ning et al. [20]
	Flufenoxuron	Benzoylurea	Insecticide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Discovery Studio 2.5/LigandFit module	2018	Ning et al. [20]
PPAR γ	Noviflumuron	Benzoylurea	Insecticide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Discovery Studio 2.5/LigandFit module	2018	Ning et al. [20]
	Triphenyltin (TPT)	Organotion	Antifouling	X Rays		Bind ligand-receptor	MOLREP from the CCP4 suite/Coot and REFMAC5 and MolProbity	2014	Harada et al. [21]
	Tributyltin (TBT)	Organotion	Antifouling	X Rays		Bind ligand-receptor	MOLREP from the CCP4 suite/Coot and REFMAC5 and MolProbity	2014	Harada et al. [21]
PPAR γ	Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate	Fungicide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Hex Dock and Patch Dock	2014	Bhaskar et al. [78]
	Imidacloprid	Neonicotinoid	Insecticide	Docking with the receptor		Bind to receptor and act as agonist	Hex Dock and Patch Dock	2014	Bhaskar et al. [78]
PPAR α	Fomesafen	Nitrobenzamide	Herbicide	Prediction of bind		Bind to receptor trough QSAR analysis	Sybyl software suite running on an Evans and Sutherland ESV30	1997	Lewis and Lake [19]

Most of the pesticide structures have a carboxylic group or can form an ion, which let it interact with the residue of aminoacidic of the receptors.