Effect of a Positive Psychology Expressive Writing on Stigma, Hope, Coping Style, and Quality of Life in Hospitalized Female Patients with Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Table 3
Comparison of PDD, HHIS, SCSQ, and SQLS scores of the two groups.
Scales
Experimental (n = 25)
Control (n = 24)
t
ES Cohen’s d
PDD
Total
Pretest
30.08 ± 2.87
30.00 ± 2.86
0.10
0.923
—
Posttest
25.12 ± 3.11
28.13 ± 4.19
−2.86
0.006
0.82
HHIS
Positive attitude towards present and future
Pretest
10.72 ± 1.06
11.17 ± 1.55
−1.181
0.244
—
Posttest
12.16 ± 1.21
11.29 ± 1.40
2.32
0.024
0.66
Positive action
Pretest
11.16 ± 1.57
11.08 ± 2.28
0.14
0.891
—
Posttest
12.44 ± 1.66
11.17 ± 2.24
2.27
0.028
0.64
Close relationships with others
Pretest
10.84 ± 1.84
10.79 ± 1.56
0.10
0.922
—
Posttest
12.00 ± 1.41
10.88 ± 1.54
2.51
0.015
0.76
Total
Pretest
33.00 ± 2.87
33.54 ± 3.20
−0.62
0.536
—
Posttest
36.60 ± 3.71
34.17 ± 3.02
2.66
0.011
0.72
SCSQ
Positive coping style
Pretest
17.92 ± 5.51
19.71 ± 6.85
−1.01
0.318
—
Posttest
25.44 ± 4.73
21.58 ± 6.21
2.45
0.018
0.70
Negative coping style
Pretest
9.96 ± 4.44
11.63 ± 4.56
−1.30
0.201
—
Posttest
6.72 ± 3.30
11.13 ± 3.37
−4.63
0.000
1.32
SQLS
Psychosocial symptoms
Pretest
35.60 ± 2.89
34.50 ± 5.03
0.94
0.350
—
Posttest
16.16 ± 7.37
30.29 ± 2.39
−8.95
0.000
2.58
Energy/motivation
Pretest
20.36 ± 2.18
19.17 ± 2.97
1.61
0.115
—
Posttest
11.04 ± 5.70
16.17 ± 2.26
−4.11
0.000
1.18
Symptoms/side effects
Pretest
16.52 ± 3.24
18.00 ± 4.27
−1.37
0.177
—
Posttest
5.32 ± 2.95
15.58 ± 3.24
−11.59
0.000
3.31
Total
Pretest
72.48 ± 4.53
71.67 ± 7.23
0.47
0.638
—
Posttest
32.52 ± 11.57
62.04 ± 4.33
−11.73
0.000
3.38
Note. Per-protocol analysis; PDD, Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination;HHIS, Herth Hope Index Scale; SCSQ; Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire; SQLS, Quality of Life Scale for Schizophrenia.
