Effect of a Positive Psychology Expressive Writing on Stigma, Hope, Coping Style, and Quality of Life in Hospitalized Female Patients with Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Table 4
Change in PDD, HHIS, SCSQ, and SQLS scores for the two groups.
Scales
Group
Pretest
Posttest
Difference value
t
95% CI
ES Cohen’s d
PDD
Total
Experimental (n = 25)
30.08 ± 2.87
25.12 ± 3.11
−4.96 ± 2.17
11.43
0.000
4.06∼5.86
2.29
Control (n = 24)
30.00 ± 2.86
28.13 ± 4.19
−1.88 ± 3.10
2.97
0.007
0.49∼2.84
0.61
HHIS
Positive attitude towards present and future
Experimental (n = 25)
10.72 ± 1.06
12.16 ± 1.21
−1.44 ± 1.33
−5.43
0.000
−1.99∼−0.89
1.08
Control (n = 24)
11.17 ± 1.55
11.29 ± 1.4
−0.13 ± 1.3
−0.47
0.641
−0.67∼0.42
—
Positive action
Experimental (n = 25)
11.16 ± 1.57
12.44 ± 1.66
−1.28 ± 0.68
−9.44
0.000
−1.56∼−1.00
1.88
Control (n = 24)
11.08 ± 2.28
11.17 ± 2.24
−0.08 ± 1.06
−0.39
0.704
−0.53∼0.36
—
Close relationships with others
Experimental (n = 25)
10.84 ± 1.84
12.00 ± 1.41
−1.16 ± 1.31
−4.42
0.000
−1.70∼−0.62
0.89
Control (n = 24)
10.79 ± 1.56
10.88 ± 1.54
−0.08 ± 0.97
−0.42
0.679
−0.49∼0.33
—
Total
Experimental (n = 25)
33.00 ± 2.87
36.6 ± 3.71
−3.6 ± 1.83
−9.86
0.000
−4.35∼−2.85
1.97
Control (n = 24)
33.54 ± 3.20
34.17 ± 3.02
−0.63 ± 2.53
−1.21
0.239
−1.69∼0.44
—
SCSQ
Positive coping style
Experimental (n = 25)
17.92 ± 5.51
25.44 ± 4.73
−7.52 ± 3.24
−11.60
0.000
−8.86∼−6.18
2.32
Control (n = 24)
19.71 ± 6.85
21.58 ± 6.21
−1.88 ± 5.01
−1.83
0.080
−3.99∼0.24
—
Negative coping style
Experimental (n = 25)
9.96 ± 4.44
6.72 ± 3.3
3.24 ± 3.78
4.29
0.000
1.68∼4.80
0.86
Control (n = 24)
11.63 ± 4.56
11.13 ± 3.37
0.50 ± 4.60
0.53
0.599
−1.44∼2.44
—
SQLS
Psychosocial symptoms
Experimental (n = 25)
35.60 ± 2.89
16.16 ± 7.37
19.44 ± 7.68
12.65
0.000
16.27∼22.61
2.53
Control (n = 24)
34.50 ± 5.03
30.29 ± 2.39
4.21 ± 5.24
3.93
0.001
1.99∼6.42
0.80
Energy/motivation
Experimental (n = 25)
20.36 ± 2.18
11.04 ± 5.70
9.32 ± 5.38
8.66
0.000
7.1∼11.54
1.73
Control (n = 24)
19.17 ± 2.97
16.17 ± 2.26
3.00 ± 3.95
3.73
0.001
1.33∼4.67
0.76
Symptoms/side effects
Experimental (n = 25)
16.52 ± 3.24
5.32 ± 2.95
11.20 ± 3.66
15.29
0.000
9.69∼12.71
3.06
Control (n = 24)
18.00 ± 4.27
15.58 ± 3.24
2.42 ± 5.90
2.01
0.057
−0.07∼4.91
—
Total
Experimental (n = 25)
72.48 ± 4.53
32.52 ± 11.57
39.96 ± 11.16
17.90
0.000
35.35∼44.57
3.58
Control (n = 24)
71.67 ± 7.23
62.04 ± 4.33
9.63 ± 7.87
5.99
0.000
6.3∼12.95
1.22
Note. Per-protocol analysis; PPD, Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination; HHIS, Herth Hope Index Scale; SCSQ, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire; SQLS, Quality of Life Scale for Schizophrenia.
