Effects of an On-Campus Meditation Course on Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Sleep Quality among South Korean Paramedic Students

Table 3

The effects of the meditation course on depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep quality (n = 55).

		Exp. (n = 27)	Cont. (n = 28)	t/F	value
Depression	Pretest	33.59 ± 9.94	29.61 ± 6.72	−1.748	0.086^a
	Post-test	33.15 ± 11.00	32.00 ± 8.43	−0.436	0.655^a
	Adjusted mean	31.68 ± 1.50	33.42 ± 1.47	0.663	0.419^b
Anxiety	Pretest	12.52 ± 10.07	9.61 ± 5.24	−1.352	0.182^a
	Post-test	11.11 ± 9.25	11.57 ± 7.31	0.205	0.838^a
	Adjusted mean	9.89 ± 1.00	12.75 ± 0.98	4.123	0.047^b
Stress	Pretest	26.48 ± 29.34	21.07 ± 16.42	−0.848	0.400^a
	Post-test	20.78 ± 27.00	24.21 ± 20.70	0.531	0.598^a
	Adjusted mean	18.51 ± 2.72	26.40 ± 2.67	4.252	0.044^b
Sleep quality	Pretest	57.33 ± 18.59	56.89 ± 15.56	−0.095	0.924^a
	Post-test	56.32 ± 18.91	49.71 ± 18.35	−1.314	0.195^a
	Adjusted mean	56.12 ± 2.12	49.91 ± 2.08	4.372	0.041^b

Note: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; Exp., experimental group; Cont., control group. ^aIndependent t-test. ^bAnalysis of covariance with a covariate of the pretest mean score for each variable.