Patient Violence towards Mental Health Nurses: A Concept Analysis

Table 1

Summarised results of the theoretical phase.

Category	Items	Indicators
Types of violence	Emotional violence	Accusing a nurse unfairly
		Bullying/mobbing
		Humiliate to nurses
		Questioning nurses’ decisions
	Physical violence	Physical assaults
		Physical threats
	Sexual harassment	Sexual abuse (physical or verbal)
	Verbal violence	Verbal abuse
		Verbal threats
Antecedents	Predictable factors	Internal factors
		External factors
		Situational factors
	Unpredictable factors	Unexpected
		Unprovoked
Consequences	Physical injuries	Death
		Physical injuries (from mild to severe)
	Psychological responses	Burnout
		Emotional distress
		Loss of confidence and self-esteem
		Maintaining physical/psychological safe distances from violent patients
		Psychological trauma
		Sceptical attitude to their jobs
	Seeking support	Seeking emotional support from colleagues
Attributes	Common and frequent	Common phenomenon
		Frequently occurred
	Multifactorial	Caused by predictable (internal/external/situational) or unpredictable factors
		Hard to define
		Intentional or not
	Vulnerability of nurses to violence	Blaming the victims
		One-sidedness
		Part of job (a culture that accepts the violence)
		Self-criticism