The Anxiety and Depression of International Medical Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Differences in anxiety and depression based on students’ demographic characteristics.

Variables	Total	SAS ( ± s)	Statistics	value	SDS ( ± s)	Statistics	value
Gender			4692.5	0.494^a		4287	0.094^a
Male	85 (42.08)	43.324 ± 1.613			48.165 ± 1.646
Female	117 (57.92)	42.863 ± 1.051			51.529 ± 1.247
Age			0.183	0.908^d		0.784	0.504^d
≤18	5 (2.48)	44.000 ± 4.766			45.000 ± 6.580
19–21	96 (47.52)	43.581 ± 1.449			51.604 ± 1.477
22–24	82 (40.59)	42.241 ± 1.308			48.988 ± 1.559
>24	19 (9.41)	43.684 ± 2.720			48.790 ± 3.248
Major			−1.785	0.076^c		−0.391	0.696^c
MBBS	186 (92.08)	42.567 ± 0.922			49.994 ± 1.021
Nursing	16 (7.92)	48.382 ± 3.890			51.412 ± 4.491
Marital status			3846	0.070^a		4297.5	0.510^a
Single	134 (66.34)	41.595 ± 0.996			49.508 ± 1.151
Have boyfriend/girlfriend	68 (33.66)	45.938 ± 1.819			51.309 ± 1.945
Financial situation			6.878	0.002^b		6.758	0.001^d
Good	42 (20.79)	38.631 ± 1.681			43.952 ± 2.093
Normal	123 (60.89)	42.449 ± 0.993			50.675 ± 1.189
Poor	37 (18.32)	50.101 ± 2.901			55.243 ± 2.690
Health condition			23.341	<0.001^b		15.963	<0.001^b
Good	161 (79.70)	40.512 ± 0.823			47.926 ± 1.017
Normal	36 (17.82)	50.556 ± 2.110			56.806 ± 2.218
Poor	5 (2.48)	71.000 ± 3.337			72.400 ± 5.844
Physical exercise length per day			2.754	0.044^d		3.820	0.011^d
0	48 (23.76)	47.240 ± 2.241			55.125 ± 2.326
0–0.5 h	79 (39.11)	42.453 ± 1.138			50.430 ± 1.533
0.5–1 h	58 (28.71)	40.216 ± 1.567			45.983 ± 1.691
>1 h	17 (8.42)	43.750 ± 2.770			48.588 ± 3.097
Study length per day			8.449	0.038^b		12.060	0.007^b
≤2 h	40 (19.80)	49.469 ± 2.922			58.175 ± 2.907
2–4 h	89 (44.06)	41.924 ± 1.097			48.888 ± 1.276
4–6 h	45 (22.28)	42.333 ± 1.635			49.156 ± 1.907
>6 h	28 (13.86)	38.660 ± 2.064			43.036 ± 2.313
Continent of origin			4086.5	0.208^a		−1.990	0.048^a
Asian countries	131 (64.85)	41.748 ± 0.984			48.703 ± 1.138
African countries	71 (35.15)	45.335 ± 1.819			52.887 ± 1.942
Current location			3086.500	0.005^a		3.032	0.003^a
China	57 (28.22)	48.114 ± 2.155			54.877 ± 2.203
Homeland	145 (71.78)	41.069 ± 0.895			48.241 ± 1.065
Clinical practice experience			0.777	0.438^a		−0.318	0.751^a
Yes	32 (15.84)	44.688 ± 1.999			49.375 ± 2.177
No	170 (84.16)	42.750 ± 1.014			50.253 ± 1.123
Protective equipment sufficiency			11.719	0.008^b		15.727	0.001^b
Sufficient	92 (45.54)	39.837 ± 1.094			45.620 ± 1.273
Basically sufficient	83 (41.09)	44.111 ± 1.226			52.675 ± 1.392
Insufficient	20 (9.90)	46.438 ± 3.296			54.550 ± 3.492
Terribly insufficient	7 (3.47)	63.214 ± 11.005			66.193 ± 10.936

^at-test. ^bANOVA. ^cMann–Whitney test. ^dKruskal–Wallis test.