The Implications of Tobacco Smoking on Acute Postoperative Pain: A Prospective Observational Study
Table 4
Comparisons for postoperative outcomes on male patients.
Nonsmokers
Current-smokers
Past-smokers
value
Adjusted value
Gr1 versus Gr2
Gr2 versus Gr3
POD1
VASM1
5.1 ± 1.8
5.6 ± 1.8
5.0 ± 1.8
0.044
0.090
0.096
VASR1
2.3 ± 1.2
2.9 ± 1.6
2.2 ± 1.0
0.006
0.045
0.208
DOSE1 (mg)
25.7 ± 15.0
32.2 ± 19.8
25.9 ± 16.7
0.004
0.011
0.056
PONV1
24 (15.4%)
23 (17.8%)
11 (8.9%)
0.113
POD2
VASM2
4.1 ± 1.5
4.4 ± 1.5
4.1 ± 1.7
0.179
0.158
0.344
VASR2
1.4 ± 1.1
1.8 ± 1.3
1.6 ± 1.0
0.062
0.127
0.959
DOSE2 (mg)
45.3 ± 25.9
64.7 ± 38.5
46.8 ± 28.1
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
PONV2
12 (7.6%)
5 (3.9%)
3 (2.5%)
0.106
POD3
VASM3
3.1 ± 1.3
3.4 ± 1.2
3.1 ± 1.2
0.187
0.818
0.818
VASR3
0.9 ± 0.6
1.2 ± 1.0
0.9 ± 0.8
0.185
0.584
0.927
DOSE3 (mg)
55.7 ± 32.9
77.9 ± 49.0
55.7 ± 33.3
<0.001
<0.001
0.002
PONV3
4 (2.5%)
3 (2.3%)
0 (0%)
0.213
Satisfied score
8.4 ± 0.8
8.3 ± 1.0
8.3 ± 0.9
0.833
Morbidity
20 (13%)
21 (16%)
20 (17%)
0.649
Data were presented as mean ± SD or number (%). Gr1: nonsmokers group; Gr2: current-smokers group; Gr3: past-smokers group; POD1: postoperative day one; POD2: postoperative day two; POD3: postoperative day three; PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting; VASM: visual analogue scales on movement; VASR: visual analogue scales at rest; DOSE: postoperative morphine consumption; : when compared with nonsmokers or past-smokers. Controlling for age, weight, and surgical duration when dependent variable is DOSE; controlling for age and surgical duration when dependent variable is VASM and VASR.
