Temporomandibular Disorders among Dutch Adolescents: Prevalence and Biological, Psychological, and Social Risk Indicators
Table 3
Single and multiple logistic regression models for the prediction of TMJ sounds among Dutch adolescents.
Single regression
P-to-Exit
Multiple regression ()
value
OR
95% CI
value
OR
95% CI
Biological items
Female gender
1,959
<0.001
1.81
1.51–2.16
<0.001
1.77
1.45–2.16
Age (years)
4,090
<0.001
1.19
1.13–1.26
<0.001
1.21
1.14–1.29
Smoking cigarettes (positive)
557
<0.001
1.55
1.23–1.94
0.156
—
—
—
Drinking alcohol (positive)
2,040
<0.001
1.53
1.29–1.82
0.406
—
—
—
Sleep bruxism (positive)
633
<0.001
1.62
1.30–2.02
0.045
—
—
—
Awake bruxism (positive)
369
<0.001
1.98
1.53–2.56
0.262
<0.001
1.79
1.36–2.36
Chewing gum (positive)
3,922
0.046
1.50
1.01–2.22
0.011
—
—
—
Biting nails (positive)
2,093
n.s.
1.14
0.96–1.34
Biting pencils (positive)
1,811
n.s.
1.34
0.96–1.35
0.435
—
—
—
Biting lips and/or cheeks (positive)
2,406
<0.001
1.66
1.39–1.98
<0.001
1.46
1.19–1.80
Psychological items
Being stressed (positive)
1,668
<0.001
1.81
1.50–2.17
0.042
—
—
—
Feeling sad (positive)
2,019
0.001
1.31
1.12–1.56
0.123
—
—
—
Social items
Non-Dutch ethnicity
732
n.s.
0.81
0.64–1.02
Highest educational level
1,846
n.s.
0.86
0.73–1.02
Associations are expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For each removed predictor variable, the P-to-Exit is reported; n.s. = not significant. Significance levels are 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.
