Ultrasound-Guided Intervention for Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

Figure 8

Ultrasound-guided injection technique for the maxillary and mandibular nerves: (a) the transducer position and required placement for the maxillary nerve, (b) the transducer position and required placement for the mandibular nerve, and (c) color Doppler image during mouth opening. The yellow dashed arrow represents the needle trajectory for injection of the maxillary nerve, while the red dashed arrow represents the needle trajectory for injection of the mandibular nerve. The empty white circle denotes the pterygopalatine fossa. COP: condylar process; DM: deep masseter; LPM: lateral pterygoid muscle; LPP: lateral pterygoid plate; TM: temporalis muscle; SM: superficial masseter; SA: sphenopalatine artery. All the pictures were obtained from the face of the first author.

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