Early Factors Associated with the Development of Chronic Pain in Trauma Patients
Table 1
Characteristics of included and excluded patients.
Characteristics
Included patients (N = 95,134)
Excluded patients (N = 29,906)
ES
Age (%) ≥ 65 years
45.2
75.3
0.26
Female (%)
48.1
54.2
0.05
Mechanism of injury (%)
Fall
63.3
80.8
0.16
Motor vehicle accident
21.5
10.2
—
Weapon or blunt object
8.3
4.1
—
Other
7.0
4.9
—
Major trauma (ISS > 15) (%)
17.0
17.5
0.01
History of alcoholism (%)
1.6
2.0
0.01
History of depression disorder (%)
5.1
5.4
<0.01
History of anxiety disorder (%)
6.8
6.8
<0.01
Mean (±SD) ED stay duration (hrs)
17.0 (18.0)
19.6 (19.7)
0.14
ES: effect size from the chi-square test; effect size from the t-test. Small, medium, and large effect sizes for chi-square are 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, respectively, and for the t-test statistic 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively.
