Cognitive Decline in Chronic Migraine with Nonsteroid Anti-inflammation Drug Overuse: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 6
Risk factor analysis of cognitive decline after adjustment.
N
Cognitive decline
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
ACE-R
Control (reference)
40
3
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
8.52 (1.83–39.81)
0.006
CMwoMOH
20
7
7.14 (1.50–34.04)
0.014
MO
35
6
2.72 (0.60–12.28)
0.194
MO (reference)
35
6
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
7
2.63 (0.68–10.14)
0.161
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
7
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
1.19 (0.31–4.67)
0.799
Memory
Control (reference)
40
5
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
10
6.92 (1.86–25.71)
0.004
CMwoMOH
20
6
3.05 (0.77–12.00)
0.112
MO
35
7
1.80 (0.50–6.41)
0.370
MO (reference)
35
7
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
6
1.70 (0.46–6.23)
0.427
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
6
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
10
2.27 (0.60–8.57)
0.226
Language fluency
Control (reference)
40
3
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
7.67 (1.74–33.88)
0.007
CMwoMOH
20
8
8.24 (1.85–36.67)
0.006
MO
35
9
4.39 (1.07–17.96)
0.040
MO (reference)
35
9
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
8
1.88 (0.57–6.19)
0.301
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
8
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
0.93 (0.26–3.33)
0.912
Language
Control (reference)
40
8
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
5
1.25 (0.34–4.64)
0.742
CMwoMOH
20
6
1.72 (0.48–6.20)
0.405
MO
35
14
2.91 (1.00–8.51)
0.051
MO (reference)
35
14
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
6
0.59 (0.17–2.03)
0.592
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
6
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
5
0.72 (0.17–3.05)
0.660
Visuospace
Control (reference)
40
6
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
3.94 (1.04–14.99)
0.044
CMwoMOH
20
5
1.86 (0.45–7.75)
0.393
MO
35
6
1.21 (0.33–4.41)
0.776
MO (reference)
35
6
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
5
1.54 (0.37–6.49)
0.554
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
5
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
2.12 (0.49–9.10)
0.314
TMT A
Control (reference)
40
4
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
3.25 (0.64–16.54)
0.156
CMwoMOH
20
5
1.63 (0.31–8.61)
0.564
MO
35
6
2.18 (0.52–9.11)
0.287
MO (reference)
35
6
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
5
0.99 (0.22–4.50)
0.987
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
5
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
8
1.83 (0.36–9.22)
0.466
TMT B
Control (reference)
40
1
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
11
50.80 (5.35–482.31)
0.001
CMwoMOH
20
5
11.30 (1.14–111.95)
0.038
MO
35
6
8.82 (0.97–79.82)
0.053
MO (reference)
35
6
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
5
1.28 (0.30–5.51)
0.739
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
5
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
11
4.50 (0.98–20.54)
0.052
DST
Control (reference)
40
5
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
7
2.83 (0.67–11.91)
0.157
CMwoMOH
20
8
4.25 (1.06–17.09)
0.041
MO
35
3
0.65 (0.14–3.04)
0.580
MO (reference)
35
3
1.00
—
CMwoMOH
20
8
6.59 (1.35–32.08)
0.020
CMwoMOH (reference)
20
8
1.00
—
CM-MOH
21
7
0.67 (0.16–2.84)
0.582
All the data were adjusted by age and education. The low 20% performance of each cognitive evaluation was defined as cognitive decline. (0.05/3) was considered as significant difference; CM, chronic migraine; CM-MOH, chronic migraine with medication overuse headache; CMwoMOH, chronic migraine without medication overuse headache; MO, migraine without aura; N, number of cases; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ACE-R, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; DST, Digit Symbol Test.
