Prevention of Acute Postoperative Pain in Breast Cancer: A Comparison between Opioids versus Ketamine in the Intraoperatory Analgesia
Table 2
APP and its intensity using the numerical rating scale (NRS) measured at different times in addition to the need for rescue analgesia during recovery and hospitalization.
Opioid group (n = 41)
Ketamine group (n = 30)
value
Pain after extubation
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
—
Pain at 10 min
28 (68.3%)
8 (26.7%)
0.001
Pain at 60 min
30 (73.2%)
11 (36.7%)
0.002
Pain at 60 min
26 (63.4%)
7 (23.3%)
0.001
Pain at 24 h after hospitalization
23 (56.1%)
1 (3.3%)
<0.001
Pain at 3 months
2 (4.9%)
1 (3.3%)
0.239
NRS after 10 minutes
2.61 ± 2.34
1.07 ± 2.20
0.006
NRS after 60 min
3.29 ± 2.86
1.37 ± 2.22
0.003
NRS after 90 min
1.46 ± 1.43
0.73 ± 1.64
0.049
NRS at 24 h after hospitalization
1.88 ± 2.25
0.13 ± 0.39
<0.001
Analgesia rescue in recovery room
19 (46.3%)
11 (36.7%)
0.635
Type of rescue in recovery room
NSAIDs
5 (12.2%)
2 (6.7%)
0.635
Morphine
14 (34.1%)
9 (30%)
Analgesia rescue at 24 h after hospitalization
12 (29.3%)
1 (3.3%)
0.005
Type of rescue at 24 h after hospitalization:
NSAIDs
14 (34.1%)
3 (10%)
0.037
Morphine
1 (2.4%)
0 (0%)
For the APP and for rescue analgesia data expressed as n and % of patients within the group. For the NRS, data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Data expressed as n and % of patients within the group. < 0.05. min: minutes. h: hours.
