Central Sensitization in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Pain Disorders: A Multicenter Case-Controlled Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the patient and healthy control group.
Patient group
Control group
valuea
N
(n) mean
(%) SD
N
(n) mean
(%) SD
Sex, female, n (%)
551
358
65.0
5188
3152
60.8
0.053
Age, mean, SD (yr.)
551
57.1
18.0
5188
64.7
12.1
<0.001
BMI, mean, SD (kg/m2)
530
23.2
4.1
—
Smoking, yes, n (%)
542
99
18.3
5035
325
6.5
<0.001
Alcohol intake, yes, n (%)
538
225
41.8
4731
1328
28.1
<0.001
Caffeine intake, yes, n (%)
543
501
92.3
4124
2835
68.7
<0.001
CSI-A score, mean, SD, points
551
28.1
16.0
5188
15.8
11.8
<0.001b
≥40 points, n (%)
114
20.7
242
4.7
<0.001
CSI-B, mean, SD, number of 10 diseases
551
0.99
1.14
5188
0.01
0.09
<0.001b
Migraine or tension headaches, yes, n (%)
234
42.5
5
0.1
<0.001
Neck injury (including whiplash), yes, n (%)
64
11.6
0
0.0
<0.001b
Depression, yes, n (%)
61
11.1
35
0.7
<0.001
Restless legs syndrome, yes, n (%)
43
7.8
0
0.0
<0.001b
Temporomandibular joint disorder, yes, n (%)
40
7.3
0
0.0
<0.001b
Anxiety or panic attacks, yes, n (%)
39
7.1
0
0.0
<0.001b
Irritable bowel syndrome, yes, n (%)
30
5.4
2
0.0004
<0.001b
Fibromyalgia, yes, n (%)
15
2.7
0
0.0
<0.001b
Chronic fatigue syndrome, yes, n (%)
14
2.5
0
0.0
<0.001b
Multiple chemical sensitivities, yes, n (%)
5
0.9
0
0.0
0.031b
BPI score, mean, SD, points
Pain interference score
501
2.75
2.69
—
Pain severity score
516
2.83
2.28
—
PHQ score, mean, SD, points
550
13.7
6.1
—
BMI: body mass index; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire. aUsing a chi-square test or Student’s t-test; busing Fisher’s exact test or a Mann–Whitney U test.