Research Article

Central Sensitization in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Pain Disorders: A Multicenter Case-Controlled Study

Table 1

Characteristics of the patient and healthy control group.

Patient groupControl group valuea
N(n) mean(%) SDN(n) mean(%) SD

Sex, female, n (%)55135865.05188315260.80.053
Age, mean, SD (yr.)55157.118.0518864.712.1<0.001
BMI, mean, SD (kg/m2)53023.24.1
Smoking, yes, n (%)5429918.350353256.5<0.001
Alcohol intake, yes, n (%)53822541.84731132828.1<0.001
Caffeine intake, yes, n (%)54350192.34124283568.7<0.001
CSI-A score, mean, SD, points55128.116.0518815.811.8<0.001b
 ≥40 points, n (%)11420.72424.7<0.001
CSI-B, mean, SD, number of 10 diseases5510.991.1451880.010.09<0.001b
 Migraine or tension headaches, yes, n (%)23442.550.1<0.001
 Neck injury (including whiplash), yes, n (%)6411.600.0<0.001b
 Depression, yes, n (%)6111.1350.7<0.001
 Restless legs syndrome, yes, n (%)437.800.0<0.001b
 Temporomandibular joint disorder, yes, n (%)407.300.0<0.001b
 Anxiety or panic attacks, yes, n (%)397.100.0<0.001b
 Irritable bowel syndrome, yes, n (%)305.420.0004<0.001b
 Fibromyalgia, yes, n (%)152.700.0<0.001b
 Chronic fatigue syndrome, yes, n (%)142.500.0<0.001b
 Multiple chemical sensitivities, yes, n (%)50.900.00.031b
BPI score, mean, SD, points
 Pain interference score5012.752.69
 Pain severity score5162.832.28
PHQ score, mean, SD, points55013.76.1

BMI: body mass index; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire. aUsing a chi-square test or Student’s t-test; busing Fisher’s exact test or a Mann–Whitney U test.