Predictors of Acute Postsurgical Pain following Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients.

Characteristics
Female	110 (39%)
Age, year	65.8 ± 12.0
BMI, kg/m^2	25.0 ± 5.0
No occupation	225 (79.8%)
Education level
Primary	99 (35.1%)
Middle or high school	135 (47.9%)
College or above	48 (17.0%)
Marital status
Single, separated or divorced	38 (13.5%)
Married	244 (86.5%)
Smoking
Never smoker	157 (55.7%)
Former	58 (20.6%)
Current	67 (23.8%)
Alcohol drinking
Never drinks	156 (55.3%)
Former	65 (23.0%)
Current	61 (21.6%)
Hypertension	131 (46.5%)
Diabetes	38 (13.5%)
Coronary heart disease	25 (8.9%)
ASA physical status
ASA I	45 (16.0%)
ASA II	202 (71.6%)
ASA III	35 (12.4%)
Preoperative chronic pain	66 (23.4%)
Previous surgery	143 (50.7%)
Site of surgery
Stomach	118 (41.8%)
Colorectum	145 (51.4%)
Small bowel	19 (6.7%)
Type of surgery
Open	199 (70.6%)
Laparoscopic	83 (29.4%)
Duration of surgery, min	180.0 ± 61.8
MME consumption, mg	48.3 ± 16.4
Number of drainage tubes
1 tube	120 (42.6%)
≥2 tubes	162 (57.4%)
Retention time of tube, day	7.9 ± 3.0
Length of hospital stay, day	18.8 ± 6.8
Malignant tumor	238 (84.4%)

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as n (%). BMI: body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; MME: morphine milligram equivalent.