Predictors of Acute Postsurgical Pain following Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 5
Univariate and multivariate analyses of predictors for APSP severity.
Variables
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
value
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
value
Gender
Male
Reference
Reference
Female
1.44 (0.89–2.35)
0.141
1.31 (0.49–3.48)
0.589
Age, year
0.97 (0.95–0.99)
0.005
0.95 (0.91–1.01)
0.093
BMI
1.0 (0.95–1.05)
0.992
0.91 (0.80–1.03)
0.124
Occupation status
No occupation
Reference
Reference
Occupation
1.59 (0.89–2.85)
0.120
1.15 (0.42–3.18)
0.786
ASA physical status
ASA I
Reference
Reference
ASA II
0.44 (0.23–0.85)
0.015
1.08 (0.33–3.54)
0.905
ASA III
0.67 (0.28–1.64)
0.383
2.84 (0.49–16.50)
0.244
Preoperative chronic pain
Yes
Reference
Reference
No
1.45 (0.83–2.52)
0.193
0.79 (0.37–1.70)
0.541
Previous surgery
Yes
Reference
Reference
No
0.73 (0.45–1.18)
0.198
0.95 (0.48–1.87)
0.871
Site of surgery
Stomach
Reference
Reference
Colorectum
0.8 (0.49–1.32)
0.385
0.52 (0.26–1.08)
0.079
Small bowel
0.77 (0.28–2.08)
0.602
0.61 (0.12–2.99)
0.539
Type of surgery
Open
Reference
Reference
Laparoscopic
0.74 (0.43–1.25)
0.257
1.34 (0.60–3.01)
0.480
MME consumption, mg
1.18 (1.12–1.24)
<0.001
1.15 (1.10–1.21)
<0.001
HADS: anxiety
1.40 (1.28–1.53)
<0.001
1.33 (1.21–1.46)
<0.001
HADS: depression
1.31 (1.20–1.43)
<0.001
1.03 (0.90–1.18)
0.675
Expected postsurgical pain
1.55 (1.36–1.78)
<0.001
1.36 (1.17–1.57)
<0.001
SFQ-s
1.09 (1.06–1.12)
<0.001
1.00 (0.94–1.06)
0.928
SFQ-l
1.09 (1.05–1.12)
<0.001
1.00 (0.95–1.06)
0.922
BMI: body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; MME: morphine milligram equivalent; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SFQ-s: Surgical Fear Questionnaire short-time consequences; and SFQ-l: Surgical Fear Questionnaire long-time consequences.
