Fear of Pain as a Predictor for Postoperative Pain Intensity among the Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Surgery

Table 3

Total effect, direct effect, and mediating (indirect) effect (n = 89).

Dependent variable		Effect	t	value	95% CI
Least pain	Total	0.085	2.549	0.013	0.019∼0.151
	Direct	0.088	2.370	0.020	0.014∼0.162
	Indirect (PCS)	−0.003			−0.036∼0.024
Worst pain	Total	0.116	2.922	0.004	0.037∼0.196
	Direct	0.068	1.590	0.119	−0.017∼0.153
	Indirect (PCS)	0.048			0.095∼0.088
Average pain	Total	0.102	2.853	0.005	0.031∼0.174
	Direct	0.068	1.732	0.087	−0.010∼0.146
	Indirect (PCS)	0.034			−0.003∼0.069

FOP-9, Fear of Pain-9 Items; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; CI, confidence interval. FOP-9 as an independent variable, PCS as a mediating variable, and analgesic drugs as a covariate value.