College Students with Oral Habits Exhibit Worse Psychological Status and Temporomandibular-Related Quality of Life: A Correlational Study

Table 2

Average PHQ-4, FAI, and OHIP-TMDs scores and diagnosis of psychological distress and TMD in participants based on the PHQ-4 and FAI (N = 505).

Variable	With oral habits (N = 294)	No oral habits (N = 211)	Total
Average score (points)
The PHQ-4	3.38 ± 2.60	2.57 ± 2.64	3.04 ± 2.64	<0.001^,a
The FAI	23.83 ± 18.09	12.63 ± 15.37	19.95 ± 17.87	<0.001^,a
The OHIP-TMDs	9.66 ± 12.88	5.08 ± 10.92	7.74 ± 12.30	<0.001^,a
Psychological distress				<0.001
Without	111 (49.33%)	114 (50.67%)	225 (100%)
With	183 (65.36%)	97 (34.64%)	280 (100%)
TMD				<0.001
No	124 (44.44%)	155 (55.56%)	279 (100%)
Mild	136 (74.73%)	46 (25.27%)	182 (100%)
Moderate	26 (76.47%)	8 (23.53%)	34 (100%)
Severe	8 (80.00%)	2 (20.00%)	10 (100%)

. ^aAdjusted value using Bonferroni correction.