College Students with Oral Habits Exhibit Worse Psychological Status and Temporomandibular-Related Quality of Life: A Correlational Study

Table 3

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables associated with the PHQ-4 (N = 505).

Independent variables	Univariate regression		Multivariate regression
	value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted value	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age	0.103	0.949 (0.891–1.011)
Gender
Male		Reference		Reference
Female	0.002	1.763 (1.229–2.528)	0.003	1.786 (1.224–2.607)
Major
Nonmedical		Reference		Reference
Medical	<0.001	0.533 (0.373–0.762)	<0.001	0.459 (0.316–0.666)
Education level
Undergraduate	0.358	Reference
Master	0.152	0.744 (0.496–1.115)
Doctor	0.754	0.916 (0.531–1.582)
Oral habits
Without		Reference		Reference
With	<0.001	1.938 (1.353–2.774)	<0.001	1.893 (1.304–2.748)

A total score of 0–2 was considered normal, whereas a score of 3–12 was taken as indicative of mental distress. , and .