College Students with Oral Habits Exhibit Worse Psychological Status and Temporomandibular-Related Quality of Life: A Correlational Study

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables associated with the presence of TMDs (N = 505).

Independent variables	Univariate regression		Multivariate regression
	value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted value	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age	0.838	1.007 (0.946–1.072)
Gender
Male		Reference		Reference
Female	<0.001	2.322 (1.601–3.367)	<0.001	1.989 (1.349–2.935)
Major
Nonmedical		Reference
Medical	0.701	0.933 (0.657–1.326)
Education level
Undergraduate	0.217	Reference
Master’s	0.086	1.425 (0.951–2.137)
Doctoral	0.934	1.023 (0.591–1.770)
Oral habits
Without		Reference		Reference
With	<0.001	3.795 (2.586–5.567)	<0.001	3.482 (2.359–5.138)