Retrospective Observational Study on the Characteristics of Pain and Associated Factors of Breakthrough Pain in Advanced Cancer Patients

Table 4

Multivariate analysis for presence of BTP.

	B	SE	Wald		AOR	95% CI
Age (≧65)	−0.470	0.177	7.037	0.008	0.625	0.441	0.884
Primary school (ref)			4.410	0.110
Middle school	0.329	0.176	3.505	0.061	1.390	0.985	1.962
Graduate and above	−0.007	0.257	0.001	0.979	0.993	0.601	1.643
Bone metastasis	0.090	0.225	0.160	0.689	1.094	0.705	1.699
Liver metastasis	0.280	0.265	1.121	0.290	1.324	0.788	2.225
No metastasis (ref)			0.896	0.826
Metastasis number (1)	0.207	0.223	0.861	0.354	1.230	0.794	1.907
Metastasis number (2)	0.094	0.270	0.121	0.728	1.098	0.647	1.862
Metastasis number (≧3)	0.119	0.362	0.109	0.742	1.127	0.555	2.289
Symptom numbers (≦4) (Ref)			3.280	0.194
Symptom numbers (5–9)	0.394	0.220	3.228	0.072	1.484	0.965	2.281
Symptom numbers (≧10)	0.426	0.491	0.752	0.386	1.531	0.585	4.006
Mild background pain (ref)			48.998	<0.001
Moderate background pain	1.251	0.189	43.935	<0.001	3.495	2.414	5.061
Severe background pain	1.222	0.410	8.902	0.003	3.395	1.521	7.579
Anorexia	0.639	0.201	10.168	0.001	1.895	1.279	2.808
Sleep disorder	0.221	0.198	1.248	0.264	1.247	0.846	1.838
Constipation	0.391	0.187	4.372	0.037	1.479	1.025	2.133
Fatigue	−0.307	0.209	2.154	0.142	0.736	0.489	1.108

Ref, reference; B, regression coefficient; SE, standard deviation; Wald, Wald coefficient; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Hosmer–Lemeshow test, ; adjusted Nagelkerke, R² = 19.5%; overall predictive ability, 66.4%; −2 log likelihood = 976.037.