The Impact of Perioperative Multimodal Pain Management on Postoperative Outcomes in Patients (Aged 75 and Older) Undergoing Short-Segment Lumbar Fusion Surgery

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of patients in the two groups.

Variable	PMPM group (n = 122)	Control group (n = 122)	value
Female, n (%)	76 (62.3)	72 (59.0)
Age (yr)	77.9 (74.0–81.8)	78.7 (74.8–82.6)
Height (cm)	161 (153–169)	161 (153–169)
Weight (kg)	65.1 (54.8–75.4)	64.8 (54.1–75.5)
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.1 (21.4–28.8)	24.9 (21.3–28.5)
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	86 (70)	82 (67)
Coronary heart disease	30 (25)	32 (26)
Diabetes disease	41 (33)	32 (26)
Mental disease	2 (2)	4 (3)
Digestive disease	8 (7)	7 (6)
Old cerebral infarction	14 (11)	8 (7)
Pulmonary disease	4 (3)	6 (5)
Osteoporosis	17 (14)	18 (15)
Preoperative opioid	7 (6)	9 (7)
Diagnosis
LSS	64 (52.4%)	63 (51.6%)
LDH	39 (32.0%)	40 (32.8%)
Lumbar spondylolisthesis	19 (15.6%)	19 (15.6%)
VAS (lower back)	5.3 (3.2–7.4)	5.6 (3.7–7.5)
VAS (leg)	7.3 (5.9–8.7)	7.2 (5.7–8.7)
ODI	60.0 (46.6–73.4)	58.3 (44.8–71.8)
Procedure-related
Fusion level
1	52 (42.6%)	46 (37.8%)
2	70 (57.4%)	76 (62.2%)
Operative time (min)	190.7 (131.9–249.5)	192.6 (145.2–240.0)
EBL (ml)	240.9 (68.2–412.0)	279.0 (115.1–443.0)

BMI: body mass index; LSS: lumbar spine stenosis; LDH: lumbar disc herniation; VAS: visual analogue scale; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; EBL: estimated blood loss.