Craniofacial Morphology of Orthodontic Patients with and without Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 3
Comparison of demographic, occlusal, and craniofacial morphological characteristics among patients with no, mild, and moderate/severe TMDs.
No TMD
Mild TMD
Moderate/severe TMD
value
124 (47.3%)
100 (38.2%)
38 (14.5%)
Age (years, mean ± SD)
19.46 ± 7.44a
22.57 ± 6.73b
23.24 ± 5.66b
<0.001∗
Gender
Male (n (%))
47 (37.9)
30 (30.0)
14 (36.8)
0.447
Female (n (%))
77 (62.1)
70 (70.0)
24 (63.2)
Angle’s classification
Angle class I (n (%))
51 (41.2)
39 (39.0)
13 (34.2)
0.078
Angle class II (n (%))
53 (42.7)
32 (32.0)
12 (31.6)
Angle class III (n (%))
20 (16.1)
29 (29.0)
13 (34.2)
Craniofacial morphological parameters (mean ± SD)
Saddle angle (°)
123.26 ± 4.41
123.05 ± 5.09
121.38 ± 6.82
0.566
Articular angle (°)
151.04 ± 6.31
151.53 ± 7.62
152.74 ± 6.20
0.406
Anterior cranial base length (mm)
64.38 ± 3.87
64.06 ± 3.50
63.80 ± 3.64
0.894
Posterior cranial base length (mm)
34.71 ± 3.24
34.45 ± 3.61
35.13 ± 4.05
0.594
SNA (°)
81.73 ± 3.23
82.12 ± 3.22
82.82 ± 3.50
0.207
SNB (°)
79.02 ± 3.96
78.88 ± 4.20
79.27 ± 5.21
0.886
ANB (°)
2.72 ± 3.46
3.24 ± 3.32
3.55 ± 4.26
0.334
FMA (°)
23.17 ± 5.95a
24.29 ± 7.28ab
26.47 ± 7.39b
0.028
Gonial angle (°)
117.49 ± 6.57
118.15 ± 8.37
120.63 ± 8.32
0.083
Ramus height (mm)
47.20 ± 5.74
47.10 ± 6.16
47.28 ± 6.28
0.662
Mandibular Body length (mm)
70.70 ± 5.22
70.77 ± 5.11
70.75 ± 5.73
0.995
Interincisal angle (°)
124.3 4± 13.28
126.63 ± 14.56
121.00 ± 14.24
0.140
Cant of occlusal plane (°)
6.65 ± 4.92
7.62 ± 4.69
6.97 ± 4.49
0.315
Overjet (mm)
3.97 ± 3.42
3.36 ± 3.44
4.04 ± 3.65
0.346
Overbite (mm)
2.83 ± 2.03
2.73 ± 2.32
2.05 ± 2.35
0.200
Anterior facial height (mm)
116.07 ± 7.84a
116.72 ± 8.38a
120.10 ± 8.92b
0.031
Posterior facial height (mm)
79.24 ± 7.37
78.92 ± 8.12
80.01 ± 8.48
0.434
Wits appraisal (mm)
−0.14 ± 4.63
−0.09 ± 5.21
0.35 ± 6.56
0.661
One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis H-test, and chi-squared test were used. a, bThe same letters indicate no statistically significant difference, while different letters indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups. ∗P < 0.05 TMD: temporomandibular disorder, SD: standard deviation.
