Research Article
A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of Pain among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Thailand
Table 1
Demographic factors and health status by cross-sectional and incident pain.
| | Variables | Subcategory | Cross-sectional pain | value | Incident pain | value | | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| | All | | 3593 (64.0) | 2023 (36.0) | | 1385 (60.1) | 919 (39.9) | |
| | Age (in years) | 45–54 | 779 (70.5) | 326 (29.5) | <0.001 | 303 (66.3) | 154 (33.7) | <0.001 | | 55–64 | 974 (64.9) | 526 (35.1) | 403 (63.0) | 237 (37.0) | | 65–74 | 858 (62.6) | 512 (37.4) | 346 (59.1) | 239 (40.9) | | 75 or more | 982 (59.8) | 659 (40.2) | 334 (53.6) | 289 (46.4) |
| | Sex | Female | 1772 (60.5) | 1158 (39.5) | <0.001 | 647 (56.2) | 504 (43.8) | <0.001 | | Male | 1821 (67.8) | 865 (32.2) | 739 (64.0) | 415 (36.0) |
| | Education | None | 201 (55.4) | 162 (44.6) | <0.001 | 62 (51.2) | 59 (48.8) | <0.001 | | Elementary | 2607 (61.8) | 1610 (38.2) | 1008 (58.1) | 726 (41.9) | | >Elementary | 769 (75.7) | 247 (24.3) | 312 (70.3) | 132 (29.7) |
| | Marital status | Not married | 1489 (63.3) | 863 (36.7) | 0.403 | 522 (57.9) | 380 (42.1) | 0.080 | | Married/cohabiting | 2098 (64.4) | 1160 (35.6) | 862 (61.5) | 539 (38.5) |
| | Religion | Muslim or other | 244 (60.8) | 157 (39.2) | 0.182 | 125 (69.4) | 55 (30.6) | 0.008 | | Buddhist | 3342 (64.2) | 1866 (35.8) | 1259 (59.3) | 864 (40.7) |
| | Income quartile | Low | 830 (59.2) | 573 (40.8) | <0.001 | 318 (62.8) | 188 (37.2) | 0.012 | | Lower middle | 848 (61.5) | 531 (38.5) | 313 (55.7) | 249 (44.3) | | Upper middle | 902 (64.6) | 517 (36.4) | 358 (58.1) | 258 (41.9) | | High | 1013 (71.6) | 402 (28.4) | 397 (63.9) | 224 (36.1) |
| | Alcohol use | Never | 2893 (63.9) | 1637 (36.1) | 0.028 | 1087 (58.9) | 758 (41.1) | 0.056 | | Past | 232 (59.3) | 159 (40.7) | 102 (65.8) | 53 (34.2) | | | Current | 468 (67.3) | 227 (32.7) | 197 (64.6) | 108 (35.4) | |
| | Smoking tobacco | Never | 2875 (64.1) | 1608 (35.9) | 0.085 | 1075 (58.4) | 766 (41.6) | <0.001 | | Past | 253 (59.4) | 173 (40.6) | 102 (62.6) | 61 (37.4) | | Current | 465 (65.8) | 242 (34.2) | 209 (69.4) | 92 (30.6) |
| | Physical activity | None | 2166 (64.2) | 1210 (35.8) | 0.320 | 802 (58.9) | 560 (41.1) | 0.030 | | 1–149 min./week | 852 (62.5) | 511 (37.5) | 328 (59.0) | 228 (41.0) | | ≥150 min./week | 575 (65.6) | 302 (34.4) | 256 (66.1) | 131 (33.9) |
| | Body mass index | Normal | 1270 (66.4) | 642 (33.6) | 0.010 | 490 (60.9) | 314 (39.1) | 0.281 | | Underweight | 347 (62.1) | 212 (37.9) | 140 (63.1) | 82 (36.9) | | Overweight | 663 (65.8) | 344 (34.2) | 256 (60.4) | 168 (39.6) | | Obesity class I | 773 (63.0) | 454 (37.0) | 277 (56.1) | 217 (43.9) | | Obesity class II | 197 (51.6) | 154 (43.9) | 71 (57.7) | 52 (42.3) |
| | Probable depression | No | 2979 (65.8) | 1549 (34.2) | <0.001 | 1162 (60.5) | 760 (39.5) | 0.772 | | Yes | 336 (52.5) | 304 (47.5) | 123 (59.4) | 84 (40.6) |
| | Sleep problem | No | 3141 (67.8) | 1493 (32.2) | <0.001 | 1226 (60.8) | 792 (39.2) | 0.075 | | Yes | 409 (44.7) | 507 (55.3) | 143 (55.0) | 117 (45.0) |
| | Self-reported mental health | Good | 2596 (67.6) | 1244 (32.4) | <0.001 | 1040 (61.3) | 656 (38.7) | 0.021 | | Poor | 924 (56.1) | 723 (43.9) | 316 (55.8) | 250 (44.2) |
| | Arthritis or rheumatism | No | 3520 (65.3) | 1872 (34.7) | <0.001 | 1358 (60.2) | 897 (39.8) | 0.546 | | Yes | 73 (32.6) | 151 (67.4) | 28 (56.0) | 22 (44.0) |
| | Hypertension | No | 2435 (66.4) | 1230 (33.6) | <0.001 | 944 (61.6) | 588 (38.4) | 0.040 | | Yes | 1158 (59.4) | 793 (40.6) | 442 (57.2) | 331 (42.8) |
| | Diabetes | No | 3080 (64.6) | 1687 (35.4) | 0.019 | 1207 (61.3) | 762 (38.7) | 0.005 | | Yes | 513 (60.4) | 336 (39.6) | 179 (53.3) | 157 (46.7) |
| | Cardiovascular disease | No | 3443 (64.5) | 1896 (35.5) | <0.001 | 1331 (60.4) | 872 (39.6) | 0.190 | | Yes | 150 (54.2) | 127 (45.8) | 55 (53.9) | 47 (46.1) |
| | Kidney diseases | No | 3536 (64.2) | 1975 (35.8) | 0.037 | 1369 (60.4) | 899 (39.6) | 0.076 | | Yes | 57 (54.3) | 48 (45.7) | 17 (45.9) | 20 (54.1) |
| | Brain diseases and psychiatric problems | No | 3568 (64.3) | 1983 (35.7) | <0.001 | 1378 (60.2) | 912 (39.8) | 0.590 | | Yes | 25 (38.5) | 40 (61.5) | 8 (53.3) | 7 (46.7) |
| | Lung diseases | No | 3570 (64.1) | 1997 (35.9) | 0.013 | 1376 (60.2) | 910 (39.8) | 0.503 | | Yes | 23 (46.9) | 26 (53.1) | 10 (52.6) | 9 (47.4) |
| | Functional disability | No | 3504 (64.9) | 1894 (35.1) | 0.008 | 1331 (60.3) | 876 (39.7) | 0.292 | | Yes | 89 (40.8) | 129 (59.2) | 31 (53.4) | 27 (46.6) |
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