A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of Pain among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Thailand

Table 4

Associations with incident pain, HART 2015–2017.

Variables	CPR (95% CI)	value	APR (95% CI)	value
Age (in years)	1.02 (1.01 to 1.022)	<0.001	1.02 (1.01 to 1.03)	<0.001
Female	1 (reference)	<0.001	1 (reference)	0.035
Male	0.72 (0.61 to 0.85)		0.80 (0.66 to 0.99)
≤Elementary education	1 (reference)	<0.001	1 (reference)	<0.001
>Elementary education	0.58 (0.46 to 0.72)		0.65 (0.51 to 0.83)
Not married	1 (reference)	0.080	1 (reference)	0.553
Married	0.86 (0.72 to 1.02)		1.07 (0.86 to 1.33)
Muslim or other	1 (reference)	0.008	1 (reference)	0.002
Buddhist	1.56 (1.12 to 2.17)		1.85 (1.26 to 2.73)
Income high	1 (reference)	0.340	—
Income low	1.09 (0.92 to 1.28)
Current alcohol use	0.80 (0.63 to 1.03)	0.088	1.13 (0.83 to 1.47)	0.449
Smoking tobacco	0.62 (0.48 to 0.80)	<0.001	0.75 (0.55 to 1.03)	0.076
Physical activity
None	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
1–149 minutes/week	1.00 (0.82 to 1.22)	0.965	1.05 (0.85 to 1.31)	0.657
≥150 minutes/week	0.73 (0.58 to 0.93)	0.010	0.79 (0.62 to 1.02)	0.073
Body mass index
Normal	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Underweight	0.91 (0.67 to 1.24)	0.566	0.84 (0.61 to 1.16)	0.278
Overweight	1.02 (0.81 to 1.30)	0.846	1.06 (0.83 to 1.37)	0.638
Obesity I	1.22 (0.97 to 1.53)	0.086	1.28 (1.01 to 1.62)	0.044
Obesity II	1.14 (0.78 to 1.68)	0.496	1.17 (0.78 to 1.75)	0.443
Probable depression	1.04 (0.78 to 1.40)	0.772	—
Self-reported mental health (poor)	1.25 (1.04 to 1.52)	0.021	1.27 (1.02 to 1.58)	0.035
Sleep problem	1.27 (0.98 to 1.64)	0.075	1.11 (0.83 to 1.47)	0.486
Arthritis or rheumatism	1.19 (0.68 to 2.09)	0.547	—
Hypertension	1.20 (1.01 to 1.43)	0.040	1.01 (0.82 to 1.25)	0.930
Diabetes	1.39 (1.10 to 1.75)	0.006	1.13 (0.86 to 1.48)	0.397
Cardiovascular disease	1.30 (0.88 to 1.94)	0.191	—
Kidney diseases	1.79 (0.93 to 3.44)	0.080	1.63 (0.83 to 3.22)	0.159
Brain diseases and psychiatric problems	1.32 (0.48 to 0.366)	0.591	—
Lung diseases	1.36 (0.55 to 3.36)	0.504	—
Functional disability	1.32 (0.78 to 2.23)	0.294	—
Healthcare utilization
Hospital in-patient	2.42 (1.88 to 3.11)	<0.001	1.75 (1.31 to 2.35)	<0.001
Hospital out-patient	1.65 (1.39 to 1.95)	<0.001	1.21 (0.98 to 1.50)	0.074
Private clinic out-patient	1.76 (1.40 to 2.22)	<0.001	1.59 (1.22 to 2.07)	<0.001
Traditional medicine practitioner	2.63 (1.75 to 3.34)	<0.001	2.57 (1.61 to 4.09)	<0.001

CPR: crude prevalence ratio, APR: adjusted prevalence ratio, and CI: confidence interval.