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| Usual rehabilitation program (for the intervention and control groups) |
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| Mild rehabilitation at the bedside (first week after admission) | (i) Bed mobility exercise and teaching the way to reduce spinal pain during movement |
| (ii) Nonweight-bearing exercises of the upper and lower extremities were performed on the bed without bracing |
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| Rehabilitation after mobilisation (second week after admission) | (i) After mild rehabilitation at the bedside, gait exercise, muscle strength training, balance exercise, and ADL exercise to prevent falls and allow a return home were performed |
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| Education (from first to second week) | (i) About the mechanism of VCFs and acute pain due to VCFs, conservative treatment and management of VCFs, and multifaceted pain |
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| Pain management program (for the intervention group) |
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| Aim | (i) To improve patients’ daily behavior by increasing their daily activities despite pain, rather than focusing on eliminating pain |
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| Goal setting | (i) Rehabilitation goals were set based on shared decision-making, involving patients and physical therapists |
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| Physical activity approaches | (i) Pedometers (Yamax digiwalker SW-200; Yamasa Tokei Keiki Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and diaries were used |
| (ii) Patients were asked to wear the pedometer when awake and record their daily pain intensity, step counts, and behaviour in a diary |
| (iii) Step targets were increased by 5% every week if there was no worsening pain or no increase in fatigue |
| (iv) Step targets were not increased if patients complained of worsening pain or increased fatigue |
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