Effects of a Rehabilitation Program Combined with Pain Management That Targets Pain Perception and Activity Avoidance in Older Patients with Acute Vertebral Compression Fracture: a Randomised Controlled Trial

Table 3

Group comparison of outcome measures during the intervention period.

Intervention group

Control group

Main effect

Time-by-group interaction

Group

Times

Items

At admission (baseline)

Two weeks after admission

Discharge

At admission (baseline)

Two weeks after admission

Discharge

F-value

value

F-value

value

F-value

value

NRS

7.9 ± 1.9

4.7 ± 2.0^‡

1.7 ± 1.2^†,‡,§

7.9 ± 2.0

5.2 ± 2.0^‡

2.9 ± 2.1^‡,§

5.135

0.027

131.371

≤0.001

1.388

0.254

PCS

Rumination

14.4 ± 4.2

12.4 ± 5.2

8.3 ± 5.6^‡,§

14.2 ± 3.8

12.7 ± 5.4

9.3 ± 6.0^‡,§

0.113

0.738

32.224

≤0.001

0.343

0.710

Helplessness

8.4 ± 4.7

6.0 ± 3.6^‡

4.3 ± 3.8^‡

8.2 ± 5.3

6.0 ± 4.6^‡

4.8 ± 4.5^‡

0.012

0.913

14.681

≤0.001

0.162

0.851

Magnification

5.3 ± 3.3

3.8 ± 3.5^‡

2.6 ± 2.8^‡

3.5 ± 2.6

3.5 ± 2.9

3.3 ± 2.6

0.509

0.479

5.924

0.004

4.637

0.012

Total

28.1 ± 10.5

22.1 ± 10.7^‡

15.1 ± 11.1^‡,§

25.9 ± 9.7

22.1 ± 10.7

17.4 ± 11.6^‡

0.000

0.996

25.684

≤0.001

1.107

0.334

TSK-11

28.4 ± 5.6

25.4 ± 6.4^‡

22.8 ± 6.8^‡,§

29.4 ± 5.0

25.5 ± 4.8^‡

24.3 ± 5.9^‡

0.440

0.510

25.032

≤0.001

0.404

0.669

GDS-15

6.2 ± 3.7

6.1 ± 4.3

4.1 ± 3.5^‡,§

7.0 ± 3.1

5.9 ± 3.1

4.9 ± 3.6^‡

0.263

0.610

12.700

≤0.001

0.890

0.414

Daily step counts

411.4 ± 493.3

820.7 ± 852.2

2866.4 ± 1666.7^†,‡,§

427.1 ± 401.1

849.6 ± 1327.1^‡

1570.2 ± 977.7^‡,§

4.055

0.049

63.579

≤0.001

10.384

≤0.001

Physical activity time (s)

245.4 ± 344.3

506.3 ± 558.3

1831.1 ± 972.1^†,‡,§

267.7 ± 241.2

572.7 ± 899.7^‡

1095.5 ± 642.1^‡,§

2.624

0.111

67.939

≤0.001

8.663

≤0.001

FIM

68.216.5

91.1 ± 18.0^‡

116.1 ± 8.4^‡,§

67.0 ± 16.8

90.3 ± 16.9^‡

112.8 ± 8.0^‡,§

0.297

0.588

314.331

≤0.001

0.263

0.769

EQ-5D 3L

0.265 ± 0.252

0.571 ± 0.205^‡

0.741 ± 0.162^‡,§

0.283 ± 0.272

0.637 ± 0.152^‡

0.720 ± 0.192^‡,§

0.257

0.614

106.288

≤0.001

0.917

0.403

Ratios of the height of each border of the collapsed body to the posterior border of a normal upper vertebral body

Anterior (%)

73.0 ± 16.9

62.3 ± 16.6^‡

53.6 ± 16.7^‡,§

71.4 ± 16.8

65.4 ± 18.4^‡

58.1 ± 19.2^‡,§

0.245

0.622

60.917

≤0.001

2.269

0.108

Center (%)

60.9 ± 14.7

51.1 ± 15.0^‡

42.4 ± 15.8^‡,§

58.5 ± 13.9

54.0 ± 15.7^‡

47.9 ± 16.9^‡,§

0.316

0.576

68.519

≤0.001

5.253

0.006

Posterior (%)

98.4 ± 9.7

94.7 ± 10.0^‡

89.7 ± 10.4^‡,§

95.3 ± 10.6

93.7 ± 9.3

92.7 ± 9.8

0.018

0.894

20.396

≤0.001

6.503

0.002

CST (s)

—

19.8 ± 10.0^†

12.8 ± 4.2^§

—

17.4 ± 5.6

12.3 ± 3.0^§

1.086

0.302

51.639

≤0.001

1.281

0.263

TUGT (s)

—

20.9 ± 12.4

11.8 ± 5.6^§

—

19.5 ± 8.5

12.8 ± 4.7^§

0.008

0.930

42.839

≤0.001

1.035

0.314

6-MWT (m)

—

209.7 ± 121.3

344.6 ± 113.4^†,§

—

196.8 ± 105.9

261.3 ± 107.5^§

3.149

0.082

66.262

≤0.001

8.259

0.006

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. NRS, numerical rating scale; PCS, pain catastrophising scale; TSK-11, tampa scale for kineshiophbia; GDS-15, 15-item version of the geriatric depression scale; FIM, Functional independence measure; EQ-5D 3L, EuroQoL 5-dimension3-level; CST, chair stand test; TUGT, timed up-and-go test; 6-MWT, six-minute walk test. ^†Significant between-group differences ( for comparison of NRS, PCS, TSK-11, GDS-15, daily step counts, physical activity time, FIM, EQ-5D 3L, and loss of vertebral height, and for comparison of physical performance). ^‡Significant intragroup difference from baseline ( for comparison of NRS, PCS, TSK-11, GDS-15, daily step counts, physical activity time, FIM, EQ-5D 3L, and loss of vertebral height; for comparison of physical performance). ^§Significant intragroup differences at two weeks ( for comparison of NRS, PCS, TSK-11, GDS-15, daily step counts, physical activity time, FIM, EQ-5D 3L, and loss of vertebral height; for comparison of physical performance).