The Efficacy of Manual Therapy and Pressure Biofeedback-Guided Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Strength Training on Pain and Functional Limitations in Individuals with Cervicogenic Headaches: A Randomized Comparative Study
Table 3
Descriptive statistics of participants’ outcome scores (VAS and HDI) in both groups (N = 30/group).
Variables
Mean ± SD (N = 30)
95% CI for means
Min.
Max.
Median
Tukey’s hinges
Lower
Upper
1st quart
3rd quart
1 VAS0
6.50 ± 0.73
6.23
6.77
5.00
8.00
6.50
6.00
7.00
1 VAS1
5.07 ± 0.98
4.70
5.43
3.00
7.00
5.00
4.00
6.00
1 VAS2
3.12 ± 0.94
2.76
3.47
1.00
5.00
3.00
2.50
4.00
1 VAS3
1.13 ± 0.78
0.84
1.42
0.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
1 HDI0
37.27 ± 7.06
34.63
39.90
26.00
50.00
36.00
32.00
44.00
1 HDI1
31.47 ± 7.41
28.70
34.23
18.00
44.00
32.00
26.00
38.00
1 HDI2
25.73 ± 7.06
23.10
28.37
14.00
42.00
26.00
20.00
32.00
1 HDI3
20.77 ± 6.76
18.24
23.29
10.00
36.00
20.00
16.00
24.00
2 VAS0
6.32 ± 0.76
6.03
6.60
4.50
7.50
6.50
5.50
7.00
2 VAS1
5.60 ± 0.71
5.33
5.87
4.00
7.00
5.50
5.00
6.00
2 VAS2
5.12 ± 0.78
4.82
5.41
4.00
6.00
5.00
4.50
6.00
2 VAS3
3.32 ± 0.93
2.97
3.67
2.00
5.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
2 HDI0
36.33 ± 7.07
33.69
38.97
24.00
50.00
36.00
32.00
42.00
2 HDI1
36.73 ± 6.65
34.25
39.22
26.00
50.00
36.00
32.00
42.00
2 HDI2
32.43 ± 7.56
29.61
35.26
18.00
48.00
32.00
26.00
38.00
2 HDI3
27.70 ± 7.69
24.83
30.57
14.00
44.00
26.00
22.00
34.00
1: group 1; 2: group 2; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; VAS: visual analog scale; VAS0: VAS score at baseline; VAS1, 2, and 3: VAS scores at week 1st, 2nd, and 3rd postintervention, respectively; HDI: headache disability index; HDI0: HDI score at baseline; HDI1, 2, and 3: HDI scores at week 1st, 2nd, and 3rd postintervention, respectively; N = number of participants.
