The Efficacy of Manual Therapy and Pressure Biofeedback-Guided Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Strength Training on Pain and Functional Limitations in Individuals with Cervicogenic Headaches: A Randomized Comparative Study

Table 5

Between-group comparison of the variables at different timelines. One-way ANOVA test: Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests, 95% confidence interval of means.

Variables	Group 1 (n = 30); (Mean ± SD)	Group 2 (n = 30); (Mean ± SD)	Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests
			∆MD	t values	values	d-value
VAS0	6.50 ± 0.73	6.32 ± 0.76	0.18	0.932	1.000	n/a
VAS1	5.07 ± 0.98	5.60 ± 0.71	−0.53	2.485	1.000	0.622
VAS2	3.12 ± 0.94	5.12 ± 0.78	−2.00	9.631	0.001	2.343^††
VAS3	1.13 ± 0.78	3.32 ± 0.93	−2.19	10.485	0.001	2.667^††
HDI0	37.27 ± 7.06	36.33 ± 7.07	0.94	0.258	0.112	n/a
HDI1	31.47 ± 7.41	36.73 ± 6.65	−5.26	0.361	0.239	0.093
HDI2	25.73 ± 7.06	32.43 ± 7.56	−6.70	0.740	0.683	0.195
HDI3	20.77 ± 6.76	27.70 ± 7.69	−6.93	2.617	1.369	0.616

∆MD: mean differences (group 1-group 2); VAS: visual analog scale; HDI: headache disability index; SD: standard deviation; significant value if ; ^†large effect size if Cohen’s d-value > 0.8; n/a: not applicable.