Clinical Effects and Safety of Auricular Acupressure as an Adjunct Therapy on Postoperative Pain among Patients with Hip Fracture: A Meta-Analysis
Table 2
Level of evidence.
Outcomes
Certainty assessment
Mean difference (95% CI)
Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)
No of participants (studies)
Limitations
Inconsistency
Indirectness
Imprecision
Publication bias
VAS
12 h
886 (8)
Serious①
Serious②
No
No
Serious④
MD−0.53, 95% CI −0.77 to −0.30
⨁⨁◯◯◯ very low
24 h
960 (8)
Serious①
Serious②
No
No
Serious④
MD−0.59, 95% CI −0.92 to −0.25
⨁⨁◯◯◯ very low
36 h
532 (3)
Serious①
No
No
No
No
MD −0.07, 95% CI −0.13 to −0.02
⨁⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate
48 h
9 (1002)
Serious①
Serious②
No
No
Serious④
MD −0.52, 95% CI −0.97 to −0.08
⨁⨁◯◯◯ very low
72 h
6 (826)
Serious①
Serious②
No
No
Serious④
MD −0.72, 95% CI −1.02 to −0.42
⨁⨁◯◯◯ very low
AAS
4 (682)
Serious①
Serious②
No
No
Serious④
MD −12.35, 95% CI−14.21 to −10.48
⨁⨁◯◯◯ very low
HHS
5 (688)
Serious①
Serious②
No
No
Serious④
MD 6.58, 95% CI 3.60 to 9.56
⨁⨁◯◯◯ Very low
ER
2 (176)
Serious①
No
No
Serious③
Serious④
OR 6.37, 95% CI 2.68 to 15.15
⨁⨁⨁◯◯ Low
AE
4 (232)
Serious①
No
No
No
Serious④
OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.71
⨁⨁⨁◯◯ Low
OR: odds ratio; MD: MD: mean difference; VAS: visual analog scale; AAS: amount of analgesics used; HHS: Harris Hip Score; ER: effective rate; AE: adverse events; ①the experimental design had a large bias in its random, distributive findings or was blinded; ②the confidence interval overlapped less, the value of the heterogeneity test was very small, and the I2 was larger; ③the confidence interval was not narrow enough, or the simple size was small; ④funnel graph asymmetry.
