Neuropathic Pain Was Associated with Central Sensitivity Syndrome in Patients with Preoperative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Using the painDETECT and Central Sensitization Inventory Questionnaires: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Clinical data of participants.
Mean (SD)
Range
Median (IQR)
95% CI
Baseline variable
Age (years)
69.9 (13.8)
27–97
72 (63.3–79.8)
67.2–72.6
Gender: no. (%)
Male/female
58 (54.7)/48 (45.3)
Height (m)
1.60 (0.10)
1.34–1.84
1.61 (1.51–1.67)
1.58–1/62
Weight (kg)
64.2 (15.9)
37 - 128.4
62.1 (54.9–72.5)
61.1–67.3
BMI
25.0 (4.7)
15.8–44.2
24.25 (22.2–26.8)
24.1–25.9
Clinical characteristics
Duration of LSS symptoms (month)
29.7 (46.9)
1–240
12 (3–36)
20.7–38.7
Classification of pain by course: no. (%)
Acute pain/chronic pain
29 (27.4)/77 (72.6)
Classification of LSS by site of symptom appearance: no. (%)
Bilateral symptom
69 (65.1)
Unilateral symptom
37 (34.9)
Clinical phenotype of LSS: no. (%)
Type A
29 (27.4)
Type B
36 (34)
Type C
31 (38.7)
Number of spinal stenosis
2.1 (0.9)
1–5
2 (1–3)
1.9–2.3
Location of spinal stenosis: no. (%)
L1/2
4 (3.8)
L2/3
22 (20.8)
L3/4
59 (55.7)
L4/5
86 (81.1)
L5/S
53 (50.0)
Grade of spinal stenosis according to Schizas: no. (%)
A2/A3/A4
5 (4.7)/2 (1.9)/7 (6.6)
B
8 (7.5)
C
45 (42.5)
D
39 (36.8)
Conservative treatment: no. (%)
No therapy
5 (4.7)
Medicine
80 (75.4)
Infusion·injection
10 (9.4)
Block
39 (36.8)
Rehabilitation
29 (27.4)
Massage
34 (32.1)
Acupuncture
17 (16.0)
NRS for LBP (0–10 range)
5.3 (2.8)
0–10
6 (3–7)
4.8–5.8
NRS for leg pain (0–10 range)
5.1 (2.9)
0–10
5 (3–8)
4.5–5.7
NRS for leg numbness (0–10 range)
4.6 (3.2)
0–10
4.5 (2–7.8)
4.0–5.2
painDETECT (−1–38 range)
13.5 (6.1)
0–33
12.5 (9.3–18)
12.3–14.7
Nociceptive pain: no. (%)
53 (50.0)
Type of unclear: no. (%)
32 (30.2)
Neuropathic pain: no. (%)
21 (19.8)
CSI (0–100 range)
24.4 (13.3)
2–63
23 (16–32)
21.8–27.0
High CSI: no. (%)
11 (10.4)
Low CSI: no. (%)
95 (89.6)
ZCQ (12−55 range)
33.6 (6.0)
13–51
34 (29–38)
32.4–34.8
Symptom severity (7–35 range)
21.5 (4.5)
8–32
24 (19–24)
20.6–22.4
Physical function (5–20 range)
12.2 (3.2)
5–19
12 (10–14)
11.6–12.8
EQ-5D-5L (−0.025–1 range)
0.513 (0.219)
0.035–0.873
0.573 (0.344–0.670)
0.471–0.555
SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; ZCQ: Zurich Claudication Questionnaire; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol-5 dimensions-5 levels. The range represents the minimum and maximum values. IQR represents the interquartile range.
