Pain Research and Management

Research Article

Neuropathic Pain Was Associated with Central Sensitivity Syndrome in Patients with Preoperative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Using the painDETECT and Central Sensitization Inventory Questionnaires: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Clinical data of participants classified by duration of lumbar spinal stenosis symptoms.

Acute pain (n = 29)

Chronic pain (n = 77)

Total (n = 29)

Type A (n = 3)/Type B (n = 8)/Type C (n = 18)

Total (n = 77)

Type A (n = 26)/Type B (n = 28)/Type C (n = 23)

Mean (SD)

Range

Median (IQR)

95% CI

Mean (SD)

Range

Median (IQR)

Mean (SD)

Range

Median (IQR)

95% CI

Mean (SD)

Range

Median (IQR)

value

Age (years)

67.2 (14.1)

38–87

71 (60–79)

61.8–72.6

70.3 (10.6)/75.4 (8.4)/63.9 (15.5)

59–80/63–87/38–82

72 (65.5–76)/75.5 (70–81)/64.5 (49.5–79)

70.7 (13.6)

27–97

73 (66–80)

67.6–73.8

69.3 (14.8)/72.9 (12.7)/69.7 (13.6)

29–89/32–97/27–87

73 (58–81)/75 (69–83)/71 (66.5–78.5)

0.319^a

Gender: no. (%)

Male/female

37 (48.1)/40 (51.9)

<0.05 ^c

Height (m)

1.62 (0.11)

1.43–1.84

1.64 (1.56–1.68)

1.58–1.67

1.60 (0.12)/1.62 (0.08)/1.63 (0.13)

1.46–1.67/1.48–1.72/1.43–1.84

1.67 (1.57–1.67)/1.62 (1.57–1.68)/1.64 (1.55–1.71)

1.59 (0.10)

1.34–1.79

1.60 (1.51–1.67)

1.57–1.61

1.61 (0.10)/1.58 (0.10)/1.57 (0.11)

1.41–1.79/1.42–1.75/1.34–1.76

1.61 (1.53–1.69)/1.61 (1.48–1.65)

0.170^b

Weight (kg)

65.7 (13.3)

42.8–105.8

63.0 (58.5–72.0)

60.6–70.8

57.2 (1.5)/62.0 (10.5)/68.7 (14.8)

56.2–59/46 - 78.8/42.8–105.8

56.5 (56.4–57.8)/62.7 (57.2–67)/68.1 (59.6–73.1)

63.8 (15.6)

37.0–128.4

60.8 (53.0–72.8)

60.3–67.3

69.7 (19.3)/61.5 (11.7)/69.0 (13.5)

47.5–128.4/37.0–82.5/37.9–93.8

65.9 (57.6–125)/59.2 (52.6–71.1)/58.0 (51.7–66.3)

0.545^a

BMI

24.8 (3.8)

20.3–38.1

24.2 (22.2–26.7)

23.4–26.2

22.7 (3.3)/23.6 (2.2)/25.7 (4.2)

20.4–26.5/20.6–27.2/20.3–38.1

21.2 (20.8–26.5)/24 (22 - 24.5)/25 (23.7–27.4)

25.1 (5.0)

15.8–44.2

24.4 (22.3–26.8)

24.0–26.2

26.7 (6.0)/24.3 (4.2)/24.1 (4.2)

20.7–44.2/15.8–36.2/17.4–35.2

24.8 (22.8–28.3)/23.6 (22.0–26.7)/24.4 (22.3–25.7)

0.788^a

Duration of LSS symptoms (months)

1.8 (0.9)

1–3

2 (1–3)

1.5–2.1

3.0 (0)/1.8 (0.9)/1.7 (0.8)

3 - 3/1–3/1–3

3 (3-3)/1.5 (1–2.3)/1 (1-2)

40.2 (51.2)

4–240

24 (12–36)

28.6–51.8

37.6 (56.6)/46.5 (61.2)/35.6 (27.2)

4–240/2–240/6–108

12 (12–36)/24 (10–39)/24 (12–43)

<0.001^a

Classification of LSS by site of symptom appearance: no. (%)

<0.01^d

Bilateral symptom

25 (86.2)

1 (33.3)/6 (75.0)/18 (100)

44 (57.1)

12 (46.2)/9 (32.1)/23 (100)

Unilateral symptom

4 (13.8)

2 (66.7)/2(25.0)/0(0)

33 (42.9)

14 (53.8)/19 (67.9)/0 (0)

Number of spinal stenosis

1.8 (0.7)

1–3

2 (1–2)

1.5–2.1

2.0 (1.0)/1.8 (0.7)/1.8 (0.7)

1–3/1–3/1–3

2 (1.5–2.5)/2 (1-2)/2 (1-2)

2.2 (0.9)

1–5

2 (2–3)

2.0 to 2.4

2.2 (1.0)/2.3 (0.9)/2.1 (0.9)

1–4/1–4/1–5

2 (1.3–3)/2 (2-3)/2 (2-2)

<0.05^a

Location of spinal stenosis: no. (%)

0.130^d

L1/2

0 (0)

0 (0)/0 (0)/0 (0)

4 (5.2)

0 (0)/1 (3.6)/3 (13.0)

L2/3

3 (10.3)

1 (33.3)/1 (33.3)/1 (33.3)

19 (24.7)

1 (3.8)/8 (28.6)/10 (43.5)

L3/4

14 (48.3)

2 (66.7)/4 (50.0)/8 (44.4)

45 (58.4)

12 (46.2)/19 (67.9)/14 (60.9)

L4/5

20 (69.0)

3 (100)/5 (62.5)/12 (66.7)

66 (85.7)

23 (88.5)/25 (89.3)/18 (78.3)

L5/S

17 (58.6)

2 (66.7)/4 (50.0)/11 (61.1)

26 (33.8)

2 (7.7)/12 (42.9)/12 (52.2)

Grade of spinal stenosis according to Schizas: no. (%)

0.494 ^d

2(6.9)

0 (0)/0 (0)/2 (11.1)

3 (3.9)

0 (0)/2 (7.1)/1(4.3)

1(3.4)

0 (0)/0 (0)/1 (5.6)

1 (1.3)

1 (3.8)/0 (0)/0 (0)

1(3.4)

0 (0)/0 (0)/1 (5.6)

6 (7.8)

2 (7.7)/0 (0)/4 (17.4)

3 (10.3)

0 (0)/1 (12.5)/2 (11.1)

5 (6.5)

3 (11.5)/1 (3.6)/1 (4.3)

15 (51.7)

2 (66.7)/4 (50.0)/9 (50.0)

39 (50.6)

8 (30.8)/11 (39.3)/11 (47.8)

7 (24.1)

1 (33.3)/3 (37.5)/3 (16.7)

32 (41.6)

12 (46.2)/14 (50.0)/6 (26.1)

Conservative treatment: no. (%)

0.534 ^d

None

1 (3.4)

0 (0)/0 (0)/1 (5.6)

4 (5.2)

1 (3.8)/1 (3.6)/2 (8.7)

Medicine

26 (89.7)

3 (100)/7 (87.5)/16 (88.9)

55 (71.4)

19 (73.1)/22 (78.6)/14 (60.9)

Infusion·injection

4 (13.8)

2 (66.7)/0 (0)/2 (11.1)

6 (7.8)

3 (11.5)/2 (7.1)/1 (4.3)

Block

11 (37.9)

1 (33.3)/5 (62.5)/5 (27.8)

28 (36.4)

7 (26.9)/12 (42.9)/9 (39.1)

Rehabilitation

4 (13.8)

2 (66.7)/1 (12.5)/1 (5.6)

25 (32.5)

8 (30.8)/8 (28.6)/9 (39.1)

Massage

11 (37.9)

2 (66.7)/4 (50.0)/5 (27.8)

23 (29.9)

8 (30.8)/12 (42.9)/3 (13.0)

Acupuncture

4 (13.8)

1 (33.3)/1 (12.5)/2 (11.1)

13 (16.9)

5 (19.2)/4 (14.3)/4 (17.4)

NRS for LBP (0–10 range)

4.4 (3.0)

0–10

5 (2–7)

3.3 to 5.5

5.7 (3.2)/5.1 (3.6)/3.9 (2.7)

2–8/0–10/0–8

7 (4.5–7.5)/4.5 (2.7–6.0)/5.0 (1.3–6.0)

5.6 (2.7)

0–10

6 (4–8)

5.0–6.2

5.3 (3.3)/5.9 (2.4)/5.5 (2.3)

0–10/0–10/1–10

5.5 (3–8)/6.5 (4.8–8)/6 (4–7)

<0.05 ^a

NRS for leg pain (0–10 range)

5.2 (2.8)

0–10

5 (3–8)

4.1–6.3

7.7 (0.6)/4.5 (3.2)/5.1 (2.6)

7-8/0–10/0–9

8 (7.5–8.0)/4 (2.8–5.6)/5 (3.5–6.8)

5.0 (3.0)

0–10

5 (3–8)

4.3–5.7

5.1 (3.5)/5.0 (2.9)/5.1 (2.5)

0–10/0–10/1–10

5 (2.3–8.0)/5 (3.0–7.3)/5 (3–7)

0.881 ^a

NRS for leg numbness (0–10 range)

4.6 (3.1)

0–10

4 (2–7)

3.4–5.8

7.3 (0.6)/5.1 (3.6)/3.8 (3.0)

7 - 8/0–10/0–9

7 (7.0–7.5)/4 (2.8–8.3)/3 (1.3–6.8)

4.6 (3.3)

0–10

5 (1–8)

3.9–5.3

4.2 (3.6)/5.3 (2.8)/4.1 (3.3)

0–10/0–10/0–10

3 (1–8)/5 (4–6.3)/4 (1–7)

0.978 ^a

painDETECT (−1–38 range)

13.9 (6.3)

3–25

13 (8–18)

11.5–16.3

18.3 (10.7)/12.6 (6.5)/13.2 (5.5)

6–25/5–24/3–23

24 (15.0–24.5)/11 (7.8–17.3)/13.5 (8.8–16.8)

13.5 (6.1)

0–33

12 (10–18)

12.1–14.9

12.7 (6.6)/14.6 (6.1)/13.3 (5.7)

4–33/0–25/2–27

11.5 (9.0–14.8)/16 (10–19)/12 (9.5–17.0)

0.949 ^b

Nociceptive pain: no. (%)

14 (48.3)

1 (33.3)/5 (62.5)/8 (44.4)

39 (50.6)

15 (57.7)/12 (42.9)/12 (52.2)

Type of unclear: no. (%)

9 (31.0)

0 (0)/2 (25)/7 (38.9)

23 (29.9)

8 (30.8)/8 (28.6)/7 (30.4)

Neuropathic pain: no. (%)

6 (20.7)

2 (66.7)/1 (12.5)/3 (16.7)

15 (19.5)

3 (11.5)/8 (28.6)/4 (17.4)

CSI (0–100 range)

23.0 (13.3)

2–51

23 (14–30)

17.9–28.1

33.7 (12.9)/20.4 (12.4)/22.4 (13.6)

23–48/2–38/3–51

30 (26.5–39.0)/20.5 (11.3–30.3)/21 (14.5–30.0)

24.9 (13.4)

2–63

23 (16–33)

21.9 to 27.9

21.3 (14.0)/27.6 (13.4)/25.4 (12.3)

2–63/3–52/7–54

18.5 (10.5–28.8)/31 (17.8–37.3)/25 (18–32)

0.533 ^a

High CSI: no. (%)

3 (10.3)

1 (33.3)/0 (0)/2 (11.1)

8 (10.4)

2 (7.7)/4 (14.3)/2(8.7)

Low CSI: no. (%)

26 (89.7)

2 (66.7)/8 (100)/16(88.9)

69 (89.6)

24 (92.3)/24 (85.7)/21 (91.3)

ZCQ (12−55 range)

34.7 (5.5)

22–45

36 (30–39)

32.6–36.8

40.7 (3.8)/35.4 (5.7)/33.4 (5.2)

38–42/28–39.3/22–36.8

39 (38.5–42.0)/37 (29.8–39.3)/34 (29.3–36.8)

33.2 (7.0)

13–51

34 (29–38)

31.6 to 34.8

32.4 (7.9)/35.1 (6.2)/31.9 (6.5)

13–51/18–48/19–44

32.5 (27.5–36.8)/36 (30–39)/32 (27.0–36.5)

0.313 ^b

Symptom severity (7–35)

22.7 (3.8)

15–31

22 (20–25)

21.3–24.1

24.0 (3.6)/23.9 (4.5)/21.9 (3.5)

20–27/19–31/15–29

25 (22.5–26.0)/22.5 (20.8–26.3)/20 (20.0–24.8)

21.0 (4.6)

8–32

21 (18–24)

20.0–22.0

20.7 (5.4)/22.0 (4.1)/20.2 (4.2)

8–32/11–29/10–28

20.5 (17–24)/22.5 (19–25)/20 (17.5–23)

0.112 ^b

Physical function (5–20 range)

12.0 (3.5)

6–19

12 (10–15)

10.7 to 13.3

16.7 (3.2)/11.5 (3.4)/11.5 (3.1)

13–19/6–17/6–16

18 (15.5–18.5)/11.5 (9.8–13.3)/11.5 (9.3–14.8)

12.2 (3.1)

5–19

12 (10–14)

11.5–12.9

11.7 (3.1)/13.1 (3.0)/11.7 (3.2)

5–19/7–19/5–17

12 (10.0–13.8)/13 (10.8–15.0)/12 (9.5–14.0)

0.754 ^b

EQ-5D-5L (−0.025–1 range)

0.496 (0.247)

0.041–0.873

0.534 (0.288–0.695)

0.402–0.590

0.282 (0.190)/0.588 (0.299)/0.491 (0.250)

0.089–0.469/0.109–0.873/0.041–0.808

0.288 (0.188–0.379)/0.615 (0.513–0.707)/0.549 (0.244–0.691)

0.520 (0.209)

0.035–0.873

0.355 (0.035–0.648)

0.473–0.567

0.519 (0.205)/0.502 (0.221)/0.544 (0.205)

0.060–0.808/0.035–0.873/0.041–0.873

0.581 (0.412–0.683)/0.549 (0.327–0.634)/0.583 (0.484–0.648)

0.809 ^b

SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; ZCQ: Zurich Claudication Questionnaire; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol-5 dimensions-5 levels. The range represents the minimum and maximum values. IQR represents the interquartile range. Acute pain and chronic pain were compared. ^aAccording to the t-test; ^baccording to the Mann–Whitney U test; ^caccording to the chi-square test; ^daccording to Fisher’s exact probability test.